Kabul, Afghanistan -- A suicide bomber attacked a shopping center in Kabul City on Monday afternoon killing at two people, officials said.
The attack took place at the City Center shopping mall, said police spokesman Hashmatiullah Stanikzai. Read more of this postAdd a comment to this post
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When in 1433 the Duke of Milan, Filippo Maria Visconti signed a pea 1410 - Bible is translated into Hungarian[68] ce treaty with Florence and Venice, he sent the condottieri Niccolò Fortebraccio and Francesco Sforza to harass the Papal States, in vengeance for Eugene IV's support to the two former republics. Fortebraccio, supported by the Colonna, occupied Tivoli in October 1433 and ravaged Rome's countryside. Despite the concessions made by Eugene to the Visconti, the Milanese soldiers did not stop their destruction. This led the Romans, on May 29, 1434 to institute a Republican government under the Banderesi. Eugene left the city a few days later, during the night of June 4.
TOMORROW’S OUTLOOK
On Tuesday, the House will meet at 10:00 a.m. for Morning Hour debate and 12:00 p.m. for legislative business.
Last votes are expected between 6:00 and 7:00 p.m.
“One Minutes” (15 per side)
Begin Consideration of H.R. 1 - Full Year Continuing Appropriations Act, 2011 (Rep. Rogers (KY) – Appropriations) (1 hour of general debate) (Subject to a Rule)
HOUSE FLOOR WRAP-UP FOR FEBRUARY 14, 2011
Considered and Passed:
H.R. 514 - To extend expiring provisions of the USA PATRIOT Improvement and Reauthorization Act of 2005 and Intelligence Reform of Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004 relating to access to business records, individual terrorists as agents of foreign powers and roving wiretaps until December 8, 2011 (Rep. Sensenbrenner – Judiciary/Intelligence) (275 - 144)
- Motion to Recommit Amendment – Not Adopted:
· Offered by Rep. Thompson (CA)/Rep. Price (NC) (186 - 234)
However, the Banderari proved incapable of governing the city, and their inadequacies and violence soon deprived them of popular support. The city was therefore returned to Eugene by the army of Giovanni Vitelleschi on October 26, 1434. After the death in mysterious circumstances of Vitelleschi, the city came under the control of Ludovico Scarampo, Patriarch of Aquileia. Eugene returned to Rome on 28 September 1443.
On September 4, 1449 Nicholas proclaimed a Jubilee for the following year, which saw a great influx of pilgrims from all Europe. The crowd was so large that in December, on Ponte Sant'Angelo, some 200 people died, crushed underfoot or drowned in the River Tiber. Later that year the Plague reappeared in the city, and Nicholas fled.
However Nicholas brought stability to the temporal power of the Papacy, a power in which the Emperor was to have no part at all. In this way, the coronation and the marriage of Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor on March 16, 1452, was more a civil ceremony. The Papacy now controlled Rome with a strong hand. A plot by Stefano Porcari, whose aim was the restoration of the Republic, was ruthlessly suppressed on January 1453. Porcari was hanged together with the other plotters, Francesco Gabadeo, Pietro de Monterotondo, Battista Sciarra and Angiolo Ronconi, but the Pope gained a treacherous reputation, as when the execution was beginning he was too drunk to confirm the grace he had previously given to Sciarra and Ronconi. Nicholas' successor Calixtus III neglected Nicholas's cultural policies, instead devoting himself to his greatest passion, his nephews. The Tuscan Pius II, who took the reins after his death in 1458, was a great Humanist, but did little for Rome. During his reign Lorenzo Valla demonstrated that the Donation of Constantine was a forgery. Pius was the first Pope to use guns, in campaign against the rebel barons Savelli in the neighbourhood of Rome, in 1461. One year later the bringing to Rome of the head of the Apostle St. Andrew produced a great number of pilgrims. The reign of Pope Paul II (1464–1471) was notable only for the reintroduction of the Carnival, which was to become a very popular feast in Rome in the following centuries. In the same year (1468) a plot against the Pope was uncovered, organized by the intellectuals of the Roman Academy founded by Pomponio Leto. The conspirators were sent to Castel Sant'Angelo. More important by far was the Pontificate of Sixtus IV, considered the first Pope-King of Rome. In order to favour his relative Girolamo Riario, he promoted the unsuccessful Congiura dei Pazzi against the Medici of Florence (April 26, 1478) and in Rome fought the Colonna and the Orsini. The personal politics of intrigue and war required much money, but in spite of this Sixtus was a true patron of art in the manner of Nicholas V. He reopened the Academy and reorganized the Collegio degli Abbreviatori, and in 1471 began the construction of the Vatican Library, whose first curator was Platina. The Library was officially founded on June 15, 1475. He restored several churches, including Santa Maria del Popolo, the Aqua Virgo and the Hospital of the Holy Spirit; paved several streets and also built a famous bridge over the Tiber river, which still bears his name. His main building project was the Sistine Chapel in the Vatican Palace. Its decoration called on some of the most renowned artists of the age, including Mino da Fiesole, Sandro Botticelli, Domenico Ghirlandaio, Pietro Perugino, Luca Signorelli and Pinturicchio, and in the 16th century Michelangelo decorated the ceiling with his famous masterpiece, contributing to what became one of the most famous monuments of the world. Sixtus died on August 12, 1484. Chaos, corruption and nepotism appeared in Rome under the reign of his successors, Innocent VIII and Pope Alexander VI (1492–1503). During the vacation period between the death of the former and the election of the latter there were 220 murders in the city. Alexander had to face Charles VIII of France, who invaded Italy in 1494 and entered Rome on December 31 of that year. The Pope could only barricade himself into Castel Sant'Angelo, which had been turned into a true fortress by Antonio da Sangallo the Younger. In the end, the skilful Alexander was able to gain the support of the king, assigning his son Cesare Borgia as military counsellor for the subsequent invasion of the Kingdom of Naples. Rome was safe and, as the King directed himself southwards, the Pope again changed his position, joining the anti-French League of the Italian States which finally compelled Charles to flee to France. The most nepotist Pope of all, Alexander, favoured his ruthless son Cesare, creating for him a personal Duchy out of territories of the Papal States, and banning from Rome Cesare's most relentless enemy, the Orsini family.Portuguese Augustinian missionaries arrive at Zanzibar. Their mission will end in 1698 due to the Oman-Arab conquest.. 1497 - Forced conversion of Jews in Portugal [107]1498 - First Christians are reported in Kenya
1450 - Franscian missionaries accompany Portuguese expedition to the Cape Verde Islands [100]
1485 - After having come into contact with the Portuguese, the King of Benin requests that a church be planted in his kingdom [103]
1491 - The Congo sees its first group of missionaries arrive. [105] Under the ministry of these Franciscan and Dominican priests, the king would soon be baptized and a church built at the royal capital.
1503 - Mar Elijah, Patriarch of the East Syrian church, sends three missionaries "to the islands of the sea which are inside Java and to China." [108]
1511 - Martin de Valencia came to believe that Psalm 58 prophesied the conversion of all unbelievers. While reflecting on the Scripture passage, he asked, "When will this be? When will this prophecy be filled . . . we are already in the afternoon, at the end of our days, and the world's final era." Later that same week, while reading aloud from the prophet Isaiah, he reportedly saw a vision of vast multitudes being converted and baptised. He began to pray to be chosen to preach and convert all heathen. He would die 20 years later as a missionary to Mexico. [110]
1513 - In Cuba, Bartolome de Las Casas is ordained (possibly the first ordination in the New World). Soon thereafter, Las Casas will renounce all claims to his Indian serfs
1514 - Franciscans begin missionary work in California
1515 - Portuguese missionaries begin work in Benin, Nigeria[111]
1516 - First Christian church built in Benin, Nigeria
1518 - Don Henrique, son of the king of the Congo, is consecrated by Pope Leo X as the first indigenous bishop from sub-Saharan Black Africa [113]
1520 - German missionary Maximilian Uhland, also known as Bernardino de San Jose, goes to Hispaniola with the newly appointed Bishop Alessandro Geraldini.
1521 - Pope Leo X grants Franciscan Francis Quiñones permission and faculties to go as a missionary to the New World together with Juan Clapión
1522 - Portuguese missionaries establish presence on coast of Sri Lanka and begin moving inland in the wake of Portuguese military units
1524 - Martin de Valencia goes to New Spain with 12 Franciscan friars
1525 - Italian Franciscan missionary Giulio Zarco is sent to Michoacán on the western coast of Mexico where he will become very proficient in some of the indigeneous languages
1536 - Northern Italian Anabaptist missionary Hans Oberecker is burned at the stake in Vienna, Austria [122]
1539 - The Pueblos of what is now the U.S. Southwest are encountered by Spanish Franciscan missionary Marcos de Niza
1540 - Franciscans arrive in Trinidad and are killed by cannibals
1541 - Franciscans begin establishing missions in California
1544 - Franciscan Andrés de Olmos, a veteran missionary in Mexico, struck northward into the Texas wilderness. After gathering a group of Indian converts, he will lead them back into Tamaulipas
1545 - Testifying to the power that letters back home from missionaries have had, Antonio Araoz writes about Francis Xavier: "No less fruit has been obtained in Spain and Portugal through his letters than has been obtained in the Indies through his teaching." [126]
1548 - Francis Xavier founds the College of the Holy Name of God in Baçaim on the northwest coast of India
1550 - Printed Scriptures are available in 28 languages [107]
1554 - 1,500 converts to Christianity are reported in Siam (now called Thailand) [107]
1559 - Missionary Vilela settles in Kyoto, Japan
1563 - Jesuit missionary Luis Frois, who will later write a history of Jesuit activity in Japan, arrives in that country; Omura Sumitada becomes the first daimyo (feudal landholder) to convert to Christianity
1565 - Jesuits arrive in Macau.
1566 - The first Jesuit to enter what is now the United States, Pedro Martinez, is clubbed to death by fearful Indians on the sands of Fort George Island, Florida
1568 - In the Philippines, Diego de Herrera baptizes Chieftain Tupas of Cebu and his son
1571 - Capuchin friars of the 'Strict Observance' arrive on the island of Trinidad with conquistador Don Juan Ponce of Seville.
1572 - Jesuits arrive in Mexico
1574 - Augustinian Guillermo de Santa Maria writes a treatise on the illegitimacy of the war the Spanish government was waging against the Chichimeca in the Mexican state of Michoacán
1575 - Church building constructed in Kyoto. Built in Japanese architectural style, it was popularly called the "temple of the South Barbarians"
William Bourne (c. 1535–1582) was an English mathematician, innkeeper and former Royal Navy gunner who created an idea for an early submarine and wrote important navigational manuals. He is often called William Bourne of Gravesend.
In 1574, he produced a popular version of the Martín Cortés de Albacar's Arte de Navegar, entitled A Regiment for the Sea. Bourne was critical of some aspects of the original and produced a manual of more practical use to the seaman. He described how to make observations of the sun and stars, using a cross-staff, and how to plot coastal features from the ship by taking bearings using triangulation. [1]1579 - Jesuit Alessandro Valignano arrives in Japan where, as "Visitor of Missions", he formulates a basic strategy for Catholic proselytism in that country. Valignano's adaptationism attempted to avoid cultural frictions by covering the gap between certain Japanese customs and Roman Catholic values. [136] 1580 - Japanese Daimyo (feudal landholder) Arima Harunobu becomes Christian and takes the name Protasio 1581 - Luis de Valdivia becomes a Jesuit. After finishing his studies, he will be sent to Peru 1582 - Jesuits, with Matteo Ricci as the pioneer, begin mission work in China, introduce Western science, mathematics, astronomy [137] 1583 - Five Jesuit missionaries—Rudolph Acquaviva, Peter Berno, Francis Aranha, Alphonsus Pacheco and Anthony Francisco—are murdered near Goa (India) 1584 - Matteo Ricci and a Chinese scholar translate a catechism into Chinese under the title Tian Zhu Shi Lu（天主實録） (A True Account of God) 1585 - Carmelite leader Jerome Gracian meets with Martin Ignatius de Loyola, a Franciscan missionary from China. The two sign a vinculo de hermandad misionera -- a bond of missionary brotherhood—by which the two orders would collaborate in missionary work in Ethiopia, China, the Philippines, and the East and West Indies. 1586 - Portuguese missionary Joao dos Santos reports that locals kill elephants to protect their crops in Sofala, Mozambique. 1587 - All foreigners ordered out of Japan; Manteo becomes the first American Indian to be baptized by the Church of England 1588 - A Dominican missionary arrives in the Philippines 1589 - Francis Solano (or Solanus) goes to Peru as a missionary 1590 - A book by Belgian pastor Hadrian à Saravia has a chapter arguing that the Great Commission is still binding on the church today because the Apostles did not fulfill it completely [138] 1591 - First Roman Catholic church built in Trinidad; First Chinese admitted as members of the Jesuit order 1593 - The Franciscans arrive in Japan and establish St. Anna's hospital in Kyoto 1594 - First Jesuit missionaries arrive in Pakistan 1595 - Dutch East India Company chaplains expand their ministry beyond the European expatriates [139] 1596 - Jesuit missionaries travel across the island of Samar in the Philippines to establish mission centers on the eastern side 1597 - Twenty-six Japanese Christians are crucified for their faith by General Toyotomi Hideyoshi in Nagasaki, Japan. [140] By 1640, thousands of Japanese Christians will have been martyred. 1598 - Spanish missionaries push north from Mexico into what is now the state of New Mexico . 1599 - Jesuit Francisco Fernandez goes to what is now the Jessore District of Bangladesh and, with the permission of Maharaja Pratapaditya, builds a church there. . 1601 - First ordination of Japanese priests 1602 - Chinese scientist and translator Xu Guangqi is baptized 1603 - The Jesuit Mission Press in Japan commences publication of a Japanese- Portuguese dictionary 1604 - Jesuit missionary Abbè Jessè Flèchè arrives at Port Royal, Nova Scotia 1605 - Roberto de Nobili goes to India [141] 1606 - Japanese Shogun Tokugawa Ieyasu bans Christianity 1607 - Missionary Juan Fonte establishes the first Jesuit mission among the Tarahumara in the Sierra Madre Mountains of Northwest Mexico 1608 - A missionary expedition into the Ceará area of Brazil fails when the Tacariju kill the Jesuit leader 1609 - Missionary Nicolas Trigault goes to China; he will soon publish Ricci's journals in Europe [142]
In 1609, the VOC commissioned English explorer Henry Hudson who, in an attempt to find the so-called northwest passage to the Indies, discovered and claimed for the VOC parts of the present-day United States and Canada. In the belief that it was the best route to explore, Hudson entered the Upper New York Bay sailing up the Hudson River which now bears his name. In 1614, Adriaen Block led an expedition to the lower Hudson in the Tyger, and then explored the East River aboard the Onrust, becoming the first known European to navigate the Hellegat enter Long Island Sound. Block Island and its sound were named after him. Upon returning, Block compiled a map, the first to apply the name "New Netherland" to the area between English Virginia and French Canada, where he was later granted exclusive trading rights by the Dutch government.
1610 - Chinese mathematician and astronomer Li Zhizao is baptized [143] 1611 - Two Jesuits begin work among Mi'kmaq Indians of Nova Scotia[116] 1612 - Jesuits found a mission for the Abenakis in Maine[116]
Galileo published a description of sunspots in 1613 entitled Letters on Sunspots[113] suggesting the Sun and heavens are corruptible. The Letters on Sunspots also reported his 1610 telescopic observations of the full set of phases of Venus, and his discovery of the puzzling "appendages" of Saturn and their even more puzzling subsequent disappearance. In 1615 Galileo prepared a manuscript known as the Letter to the Grand Duchess Christina which was not published in printed form until 1636. This letter was a revised version of the Letter to Castelli, which was denounced by the Inquisition as an incursion upon theology by advocating Copernicanism both as physically true and as consistent with Scripture. [114] In 1616, after the order by the inquisition for Galileo not to hold or defend the Copernican position, Galileo wrote the Discourse on the tides ( Discorso sul flusso e il reflusso del mare) based on the Copernican earth, in the form of a private letter to Cardinal Orsini. [115] In 1619, Mario Guiducci, a pupil of Galileo's, published a lecture written largely by Galileo under the title Discourse on the Comets ( Discorso Delle Comete), arguing against the Jesuit interpretation of comets. [116]
1619: the Dutch begin the slave trade between Africa and America
1620 - Carmelites enter Goa[145]
- 1621 - The Augustinians establish themselves in Chittagong
- 1622 - Pope Gregory VI founds the Sacred Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith. This becomes the major Papal agency for coordinating and directing missionary work [146]In 1623, Galileo published The Assayer – Il Saggiatore, which attacked theories based on Aristotle's authority and promoted experimentation and the mathematical formulation of scientific ideas. The book was highly successful and even found support among the higher echelons of the Christian church.[117] Following the success of The Assayer, Galileo published the Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems (Dialogo sopra i due massimi sistemi del mondo) in 1632. Despite taking care to adhere to the Inquisition's 1616 instructions, the claims in the book favouring Copernican theory and a non Geocentric model of the solar system led to Galileo being tried and banned on publication. Despite the publication ban, Galileo published his Discourses and Mathematical Demonstrations Relating to Two New Sciences (Discorsi e Dimostrazioni Matematiche, intorno a due nuove scienze) in 1638 in Holland, outside the jurisdiction of the Inquisition
- 1623 - A stone monument (Nestorian Stele) is unearthed in Xi'an (Si-ngan-fu), China. Its inscription, written by a Syrian monk almost a thousand years earlier and in both Chinese characters and Persian script, begins with the words, "Let us praise the Lord that the [Christian] faith has been popular in China"; it told of the arrival of a missionary, A-lo-pen (Abraham), in AD 625. Alvaro Semedo and other Jesuits soon publicize the stele's discovery in Europe.
- 1624 - Persecution intensifies in Japan with 50 Christians being burned alive in Edo (now called Tokyo)
- 1625 - Vietnam expels missionaries[147]
- 1626 - After entering Japan in disguise, Jesuit missionary Francis Pacheco is captured and executed at Nagasaki [148]
- 1627 - Alexander de Rhodes goes to Vietnam where in three years of ministry he baptizes 6,700 converts[144]
- 1628 - Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples established in Rome to train "native clergy" from all over the world
- 1629 - Franciscan missionary Alonzo Benavides founds Santa Clara de Capo on the border of Apache Indian country in what is now New Mexico
- 1630 - An attempt is made in the El Paso, Texas area to establish a mission among the Mansos Indians
- 1631 - Dutch missionary Abraham Rogerius (anglicized as Roger), who authored Open Door to the Secrets of Heathendom, begins 10 years of ministry among the Tamil people in the Dutch colony of Pulicat near Madras, India [149]
- 1632 - Zuni Indians murder a group of Franciscan missionaries who had three years earlier established the first mission to the Zunis at Hawikuh in what is now New Mexico 1633 - Emperor Fasilides expels the Jesuit missionaries in Ethiopia; the German Lutheran Church sends Peter Heyling as the first Protestant missionary to Ethiopia.[150]
- 1634 - Jesuit missionary Jean de Brèbeuf travels to the Petun nation (in Canada) and baptizes a 40 year old man.
- 1635 - An expedition of Franciscans leaves Quito, Ecuador, to try to penetrate into Amazonia from the west. Though most of them will be killed along the way, a few will manage to arrive two years later on the Atlantic coast.
- 1636 - The Dominicans of Manila (the Philippines) organize a missionary expedition to Japan. They are arrested on one of the Okinawa islands and will be eventually condemned to death by the tribunal of Nagasaki.
- 1637 - When smallpox kills thousands of Native Americans, tribal medicine men blame European missionaries for the disaster
- 1638 - Official ban of Christianity in Japan with death penalty; The Fountain Opened, a posthumous work of the influential Puritan writer Richard Sibbes is published, in which he says that the gospel must continue its journey "til it have gone over the whole world."
- 1639 - The first women to New France as missionaries—three Ursuline Nuns—board the "St. Joseph" and set sail for New France
- 1640 - Jesuit missionaries arrive on the Caribbean island of Martinique
- 1641 - Jesuit missionary Cristoval de Acuna describes the Amazon River in a written report to the king of Spain
- 1642 - Catholic missionaries Isaac Jogues and Rene Goupil are captured by Mohawk Indians as they return to Huron country from Quebec. Goupil was tomahawked to death while Jogues will be held for a period of time as a slave. He used his slavery as an opportunity for missionary work [151]
- 1643 - John Campanius, Lutheran missionary to the Indians, arrives in America on the Delaware River; Reformed pastor Johannes Megapolensis begins outreach to Native Americans while pastoring at Albany, New York
- 1644 - John Eliot begins ministry to Algonquian Indians in North America [152]
- 1645 - After thirty years of work in Vietnam, the Jesuits are expelled from that country
- 1646 - After being accused of being a sorcerer, Jesuit missionary Isaac Jogues is killed by the Iroquois [151]
- 1647 - The Discalced Carmelites begin work on Madagascar[103]
- 1648 - Baptism of Helena and other members of the emperial Ming family
- 1649 - Society for the Propagation of the Gospel In New England formed to reach the Indians of New England[153]
- 1650 - The destruction of Huronia by the Iroquois puts an end to the Jesuits' dream of making the Huron Indians the focal point of their evangelism
- 1651 - Count Truchsess of Wetzhausen, prominent Lutheran layman, asks the theological faculty of Wittenberg why Lutherans are not sending out missionaries in obedience to the Great Commission [154]
- 1652 - Jesuit Antonio Vieira returns to Brazil as a missionary where he will champion the cause of exploited indigenous peoples until being expelled by Portuguese colonists [155]
- 1653 - A Mohawk war party captures Jesuit Joseph Poncet near Montreal. He is tortured and will be finally sent back with a message about peace overtures.
- 1654 - John Eliot publishes a catechism for American Indians [156]In 1654, the first Jew, Jacob Barsimson, emigrated from Holland to New Amsterdam (New York) and in the next decade many more followed him, settling along the East Coast, principally in New Amsterdam and Newport, Rhode Island. They were prevented by ordinances issued by Governor Peter Stuyvesant from engaging in the domestic economy, so they quickly discovered that the territory inhabited by the Indians would be a fertile field. There were no laws preventing the Jews from trading with the Indians
- 1655 - Jinga or Zinga, princess of Matamba in Angola is converted;[105] later she will write to the Pope urging that more missionaries be sent
- 1656 - First Quaker missionaries arrive in what is now Boston, Massachusetts
- 1657 - Thomas Mayhew, Jr., is lost at sea during a voyage to England that was to combine an appeal for missionary funds with personal business
- 1658 - After the flight of the French missionaries from his area, chief Daniel Garakonthie of the Onondaga Indians, examines the customs of the French colonists and the doctrines of the missionaries and openly begins protecting Christians in his part of what is now New York
- 1659 - Jesuit Alexander de Rhodes establishes the Paris Foreign Missions Society
- 1660 - Christianity is introduced into Cambodia
- 1661 - George Fox, founder of the Religious Society of Friends (Quakers) sends 3 missionaries to China (although they never reached the field)[129]
- 1662 - French Jesuit missionary Julien Garnier sails for Canada
- 1663 - John Eliot's translation of the Bible into one of the Algonquian languages is published (the New Testament came out two years earlier). This Bible was the first complete Bible to be printed in the New World [157]
- 1664 - Justinian Von Welz authors three powerful pamphlets on the need for world missions; he will go to Dutch Guinea (now called Surinam) where he will die after only three months[158]
- 1665 - Japanese feudal landholders (called Daimyo) were ordered to follow the shogunate's example and to appoint inquisitors to do a yearly scutiny of Christians
- 1666 -John Eliot publishes his The Indian Grammar, a book written to assist in conversion work among the Indians. Described as "some bones and ribs preparation for such a work", Eliot intended his Grammar for missionaries wishing to learn the dialect spoken by the Massachusett Indians.
- 1667 - The first missionary to attempt to reach the Huaorani (or Aucas), Jesuit Pedro Suarez, is slain with spears [159]
- 1668 - In a letter from his post in Canada, French missionary Jacques Bruyas laments his ignorance of the Oneida language: "What can a man do who does not understand their language, and who is not understood when he speaks. As yet, I do nothing but stammer; nevertheless, in four months I have baptized 60 persons, among whom there are only four adults, baptized in periculo mortis. All the rest are little children."
- 1669 - Eager to compete with the Jesuits for conversion of the Indian Nations on the western Great Lakes, Sulpilcian missionaries François Dollier de Casson and René Bréhant de Galinée set out from Montreal with twenty-seven men in seven canoes led by two canoes of Seneca Indians
- 1670 - Jesuits establish missions on the Orinoco River in Venezuela
- 1671 - Quaker missionaries arrive in the Carolinas
- 1672 - A chieftain on Guam kills Jesuit missionary Diego Luis de San Vitores and his Visayan assistant, Pedro Calungsod, for having baptized the chief's daughter without his permission (some accounts do say the girl's mother consented to the baptism)
- 1673 - French trader Louis Jolliet and missionary Jacques Marquette visit what is now the state of Illinois, where the latter establishes a mission for Native Americans [160]
- 1674 - Vincentian mission to Madagascar collapses after 25 years of abortive effort [161]
- 1675 - An uprising on the islands of Micronesia leads to the death of three Christian missionaries
From 1673 to 1674, the territories were once again briefly captured by the Dutch in the Third Anglo–Dutch War, only to be returned to England at the Treaty of Westminster. In 1674, Dutch navy captain Jurriaen Aernoutsz also briefly captured two forts in the French colony of Acadia, which he claimed as the Dutch territory of New Holland. However, Aernoutsz's appointed administrator, John Rhoades, quickly lost control of the territory after Aernoutsz himself left for Curaçao to seek out new settlers, and with effective control of Acadia remaining in the hands of France, Dutch sovereignty existed only on paper until the Netherlands surrendered their claim in the Treaties of Nijmegen.1676 - Kateri Tekakwitha, who became known as the Lily of the Mohawks, is baptized by a Jesuit missionary. She, along with many other Native Americans, joins a missionary settlement in Canada where a syncretistic blend of ascetic indigeneous and Catholic beliefs evolves.
- 1678 -French missionaries Jean La Salle and Louis Hennepin discover Niagara Falls
- 1679 - Writing from Changzhou, newly arrived missionary Juan de Yrigoyen describes three Christian congregations flourishing in that Chinese city[162]
- 1680 - The Pueblo Revolt begins in New Mexico with the killing of twenty-one Franciscan missionaries
- 1681 - After arriving in New Spain, Italian Jesuit Eusebio Kino soon becomes what one writer described as "the most picturesque missionary pioneer of all North America." A bundle of evangelistic zeal, Kino was also an explorer, astronomer, cartographer, mission builder, ranchman, cattle king, and defender of the frontier [163]
- 1682 - 13 missionaries go to "remote cities" in East Siberia
- 1683 - Missionary Louis Hennepin returns to France after exploring Minnesota and being held captive by the Dakota to write the first book about Minnesota, Description de la Louisiane
- 1684 - Louis XIV of France sends Jesuit missionaries to China bearing gifts from the collections of the Louvre and the Palace of Versailles
- 1685 - Consecration of first Catholic bishop of Chinese origin
- 1686 - Russian Orthodox monks arrive in China as missionaries
- 1687 - French activity begins in what is now Côte d'Ivoire when missionaries land at Assinie
- 1688 - New Testament translated into the Malay language (the first Bible translation into a language of southeast Asia)
- 1689 - Calusa Indian chief from what is the state of Florida visits Cuba to discuss idea of having missionaries come to his people[164]
- 1690 - First Franciscan missionaries arrive in Texas
- 1691 - Christian Faith Society for the West Indies was organized with a focus on evangelizing African slaves[165]
- 1692 - Chinese Kangxi Emperor permits the Jesuits to freely preach Christianity, converting whom they wish
- 1693 - Jesuit missionary John de Britto is publicly beheaded in India
- 1694 - Missionary and explorer Eusebio Kino becomes the first European to enter the Tucson, Arizona basin and create a lasting settlement
- 1695 - China's first Russian Orthodox church building is consecrated
- 1696 - Jesuit missionary Francois Pinet founds the Mission of the Guardian Angel near what is today Chicago, Illinois. The mission was abandoned in 1700 when missionary efforts seemed fruitless
- 1697 - To evangelize the English colonies, Thomas Bray, an Anglican preacher who made several missionary trips to North America, begins laying the groundwork for what will be the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts [166]
- 1698 - Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge organized by Anglicans[153]
- 1699 - Priests of the Quebec Seminary of Foreign Missions establish a mission among the Tamaroa Indians at Cahokia in what is now the state of Illinois.
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When breast cancer has spread to a patient's lymph system, surgeons traditionally have operated to remove a large number of underarm lymph nodes, to eliminate any trace of the cancer. The procedure is effective, but it can cause permanent complications. Now, a new study shows there is no advantage to taking out so many lymph nodes, and the finding could mean major changes in breast cancer surgery. VOA's Carol Pearson reports.
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Submarine design
Submarine by William Bourne, in Inventions or devices, 1578.
His design, detailed in his book Inventions and Devises published in 1578, was one of the first recorded plan for an underwater navigation vehicle. He designed an enclosed craft capable of submerging by decreasing the overall volume (rather than flooding chambers as in modern submarines), and being rowed underwater. Bourne described a ship with a wooden frame covered in waterproofed leather, but the description was a general principle rather than a detailed plan. However, Bourne's concept of an underwater rowing boat was put into action by the Dutchman Cornelius Drebbel in 1620, and Nathaniel Symons demonstrated a 'sinking boat' in 1729 using the expanding and contracting volume of the boat to submerge.
Charles Nodier, Grand Master of the Prieuré de Sion from 1801-1884, averred that this secret order presided over a global network of secret societies: "There are a great many secret societies in operation, Nodier declares. But there is one, he adds, that takes precedence over all others, that in fact presides over all others. According to Nodier this 'supreme' secret society is called the Philadelphes. At the same time, however, he speaks of 'the oath which forbids me to make them known under their social name.' Nevertheless there is a hint of Sion..." (31:152) A survey was needed because settlers wanted to move westward and take advantage of settlings on the millions of acres that were added to the United States in 1803. 1815, President James Monroe ordered the United States government to survey the lands of the Louisiana Purchase .
Lizzie George Hargis –
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Around 1820 Georgia had grown, and in the aftermath of the War of 1812, (which includes the Creek Indian Wars) land in Georgia (unbelievably) became crowded, so families loaded up wagons and with their teams of oxen, mules and slaves, moved on down the Federal Road, more properly a road hacked out of an Indian trail around 1811 by a company of US Infantry in preparation for what they thought was going to be a war with France. That wagon road led from Columbus Georgia to Mobile Alabama but it first went west towards Selma, Ala before turning South, and apparently a lot of pioneers broke off at the point it turned south and continued a few miles northwest onward into what became Perry Co, Ala and settled therein at first on the banks of a creek which they named Ocmulgee in honor of the river of the same name that they left in Georgia. As such, the Federal Road directly contributed to the dramatic increase in Alabama ’s population between 1810 and 1820 – with 40 acres of land going for $50 Alabama ’s population started growing far faster than that of either Mississippi or Louisiana during this time. Alabama continued out-distancing both Mississippi and Louisiana in population growth through 1850.2 During President Andrew Jackson's term 1829-37, the Alabama (Alibamu), Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, Koasati, and Mobile Indian tribes agreed, in principle, to cede their lands to the state government in exchange for an understanding that they could remain as residents until they chose to move. Buried in the treaty was the implicit understanding that the Indians would move, but not just yet. Such fine print did not matter, however, to the hordes of settlers who descended on the state in a breathless rush. Settlers of Virginia , the Carolinas, and Georgia came to Alabama and they brought with them their dreams of a better life. Over a period of years 85,000 whites and 41,000 slaves had moved onto Indian lands in defiance of federal orders, staked claims, and began to farm. Surprisingly, Jackson--who came to office on the strength of his ties to the simple frontiersman--ordered federal troops to remove the settlers, by force if necessary. Alabamians were defiant; local militias were immediately raised and public meetings were held to organize resistance. But just when it seemed that the state was on the verge of outright rebellion, Jackson announced that the settlers could stay where they were. The Pioneer families from Georgia remained settlers in the Alabama wilderness area that is now Perry County , virtually all were Christian and many were of the Baptist denomination. Alabama was being gradually transformed into three distinct districts: a slaveholding region in the central counties, a white anti-slaveholding section in the northern counties, and a poor white region of largely small farmers and few slaves in the southern counties. As Perry County became crowded 20 years later with white settlers and slaves, some decided to sale their land for a profit and move on to the next land give-away to the west. Louisiana authorities granted large pieces of land, called concessions, to some influential Alabamians, many of whom never even visited Louisiana . But not everyone went to Louisiana , some to Mississippi , and others onto Texas first stopping perhaps in Louisiana until the Civil War. During the 1840s, some of these Alabama families by the surnames of Powell, Traylor, White, Hunt, Taylor, Riley, Hill, George, ect… came to settle in a place called Union Parish, Louisiana with their friends who had already arrived from Marion , Alabama and the surrounding cities.
"Land of Paradise"
In “About the year 1840, a band of wealthy slave owners from Perry County, Alabama, fired by the reports of rich lands in the West, pulled stakes and set out for the land of their dreams. Their route followed the Tombigbee River to the Gulf of Mexico . Skirting the shore westward, they came to the mouth of the Mississippi River . After months of wearisome travel up the Mississippi and the Ouachita River , they chose a landing site located on a high ridge of land, which they called Alabama Landing. Going westward for ten miles, they selected a town site on hills that were above the overflow land. Theme hills were densely wooded. Gushing springs made beautiful streams between the hills and there were springs enough for each homesteader to have one. This settlement was named Marion , in honor of the old home town. Soon comfortable homes were built for each family. This was not a too-difficult task as the families had brought a horse-drawn saw mill with them from Alabama .”
Louisa George Tompkins – “We had to cross the Tombigbee River in Alabama which we found to be a half-mile wide from recent rains. It took two or three days to make the crossing, for the cattle had to be ferried across. Upon taking one load, the cattle became frightened and stampeded, and several leaped from the flat-boat and were carried by the swift current downstream and two or three of these were never recovered. Having surmounted this obstacle, we proceeded on our journey with nothing of importance to note except that one night we camped in a lovely grove of oak trees enclosed with a rail or worm fence. A railroad track ran along the outside of this enclosure, and we were warned not to cross the fence; that a train would pass by very soon. We hadn't waited long when a shrill whistle heralded its approach. We all stopped and gazed at the wonderful monster, as it seemed to me, for in those days, railroads were rare to country people. At last we reached the Mississippi , which we crossed at Vicksburg on a ferry.”
This map shows the direction the founding members from Perry County , Alabama took- to what will be known as Marion , Louisiana . The Traylor, Powell, Larkin, George, Green, Lunsford, Adams , Cook, Hill, and Thomas families came by this route before 1850.
(Note) Most pioneers traveled in a Conestoga wagon or a spring wagon. Many of the pioneers chose oxen instead of mules or horses because the oxen were a lot stronger. They would buy up to 4 oxen per wagon. The father would drive the oxen by walking beside the wagon.
The children would walk behind of the wagon much of the time.
[PM]Paternal great-great grandfather William Lee Will a.k.a. William Williams, Bill Lee Will, Born ca 1829 in Alabama .
William Will also called Bill Lee by family and associates, was born in slavery in Perry County Alabama; his parents were originally from Georgia as listed in the 1880 Federal Census. William and his brother Brooks were slaves of the Alabama native and slaveholder Rev. Elias George. It is not known whether William Will’s parents were as well but it was likely being William and Brooks were toddlers when Elias purchased his first slaves. One or both parents may have been deceased prior to leaving Alabama or possibly sold to another slaveholder prior to 1847. This second option seems the least likely being Elias George didn’t have a history of splitting up families. William traveled to Marion , Louisiana with the George family around 1847. There are no indications in Marion , Louisiana ’s 1870 Census of a nucleus Will family (father and mother); but one possible sibling of William was (William Brooks AKA Brooks Will). Brooks’ residence was in the same area as his brother’s in the 1870-1890s; Brooks was most likely under the same slaveholder. Most of the Marion slaveholders were small farmers working beside their slaves on the farm. 90% of the slaveholders in Marion , Louisiana could not afford to hire overseers so they did much of the same manual labor as their slaves. This created not only a bound but an unspoken covenant that families would remain together.
Nine out of ten slaves in Louisiana worked on rural farms and plantations. About 41.6% of all White households in North Louisiana owned slaves and most of Union Parish slaveholders fell into what is called the yeoman farmer class rather than a plantation owner.. Only about 10% of the slaveholders in the region fell into the plantation class -- that is, people who owned 20 or more slaves such as Union Parish slaveholders Levi Jordan, James M. Powell, Lewis M. Powell, Elias George, Thomas Kilgore, John Hill, J. Hollaway, Sam Larkin, Thomas M. Smith, J.R. Clark and others. ( U.S. Dept. of Int.) (Owsley 33-48, 7-10). Because the small farmers worked beside their slaves, this closeness produced a large portion of the Union Parish mulatto slaves listed in the 1850 and 1860 Census. The big Union Parish plantation owners had very few or no mulattos slaves; being they didn’t mingle with the slaves because of religious or social convictions and also having overseers. Unlike other areas of the country where slaveholders were at times rich but of no or mediocre education, the town of Marion in particular had a more prominent class of slaveholders. Some were ministers, military officers and Doctors, like Rev. Elias George, Rev/ Dr. Sam Larkin, Col. John Hill, Dr. JR Clark, Dr. John Taylor and others. From these slaveholders; Marion Black families adopted surnames, i.e. Hill, Larkin, Bass, Andrews, Riley, George, Powell, Traylor, Odom, Holloway, Lee, Williams and Taylor to name a few. William Will was one of the few exceptions in Union Parish with a different surname then the listed Union Parish slaveholders. The surname (Will) was not listed in any of the pre 1870 documents or Censuses in Marion or the surrounding Union Parish towns. The surname Williams was listed as a slaveholder’s surname in Union Parish, this surname was used by William whether intentionally or in error from 1867 to 1870. The Union victory in the Civil War and the official end of slavery created excited expectations among the freed slaves like the Wills. Some adopted new surnames to express their new identity and to make a new beginning.
; &nb sp;
Upon William’s arrival in Union Parish as a young man, he attended to the farm owned by slaveholder Elias George. On a neighboring farm (Township 23N, Range 2E; section 36) lived a young woman named Sinia Elizabeth, a slave of Lewis M. Powell, the son-in-law of Elias George; she met William Will around 1852 while possibly attending Liberty Baptist Church. Many times, after the sun descended and the slaves were ordered to their huts, William and other male slaves would possibly escape from their dwelling and run down the road and through the woods to the other plantation where he could visit Sinie. This was the romantic side of the story we all hope was the case, but the alternative story was slaves at times were put together by the slaveholder. But through perseverance, many slaves maintained stable families, although reluctantly permitted to take on partners at other plantations and rarely allowed to marry in formal church ceremonies. Former Marion slave Tom Douglas “In slavery white folks put you together. Just tell you to go on and go to bed with her or him. You had to stay with them whether you wanted them or not.” After a short courtship, William and Sinia were considered husband and wife in the eyes of family and God, but not the slaveholder. Because thereafter Sinia remained on the plantation of Lewis Powell. There are no records of their marriage and never will be in the Farmerville Courthouse, not surprising, as with most slaves the verbal approval by the slaveholder was more so for formality or decorum but not legal. The Southern legal system never recognized slave marriages on the grounds that property could not enter into a legal contract. Article 182 of the Louisiana Civil Code, for example, stated that “slaves cannot marry without the consent of their masters and their marriages will not produce any of the civil effects which results from such contract.” The owners encouraged their slaves to marry; it was believed that married men were less likely to be rebellious or to run away and leave their families. Some masters favored marriage for religious reasons as a sanction for slave men and women to have children. Child-bearing started around the age of thirteen (Sinia was 20), and by twenty the women slaves were expected to have four or five children (Sinia had 4 by age 27). Around 1855 William and Sinia had their first child, a daughter named Julia. To encourage childbearing some plantation owners promised women slaves their freedom after they had produced fifteen children. For William and Sinia this wouldn’t hold true; they had only 6 children prior to 1865 and 7 afterwards (a total of 13 children). Now Family lore says William was possibly a free man, but this freedom is unsubstantiated in the1860 Census of free inhabitants in Union Parish. To have had freedom, William’s parents would have been free and all listed as such in the 1860 Census, or he would have had to purchase his freedom. There is more evidence pointing to William being a slave then free. He followed the same migration path as the slaveholders being he was from Perry County Alabama and moved to Marion , Louisiana . Although this is circumstantial evidence, one obvious indication that he was a slave was the omission of his surname from the 1850 and 1860 Federal Censuses for free inhabitants in Union Parish. There also were no free Black inhabitants in Union Parish in 1860. If he was a free man, he lived among Black families who were not; not that this was uncommon. The Louisiana law of 1814 and 1816 forbade immigration of free Blacks and Black males over the age of 15 from entering the state of Louisiana as a free individual based upon his recorded age. To determine the likely slaveholder of both William and Sinia, a process utilizing family member’s birth age was applied. During the 1860 Census slaves were identified by; age, race and gender. The other means of identification was to use the slaveholder’s Will if he died prior to 1865. The Slaveholder’s Will prior to 1865 listed slaves as property with their first names, (Lil George, Big Jim, Blind Charlie….) If the slaveholder lived after 1865 their Wills (Testate) were no longer of value because of the omission of slaves’ names. Around 1860 some of the large slaveholders –plantation class- left Marion and moved to Walker Texas because of the threat of war. James Powell and John Hill. Levi Jordan to name a few moved to Texas . The process was applied to those who stayed. Lewis M. Powell had 33 slaves in 1850, 2 slaves matched the ages William and Sinia. By 1860 Lewis had increased his slaves to 48 but none matched the ages of the four Will family members. It is likely Sinia and the kids were sold prior to 1860. James M. Powell had 33 slaves in 1850 with two slaves closely matching the ages of William and Sinia, James M. Powell shortly thereafter left Union Parish before the Civil war and moved his slaves to a city called Huntsville located in Walker County, Texas. The significance of this city was that it was the namesake of Huntsville , Alabama . Thomas B. Kilgore a native of Perry County, Alabama and past business partner of Union residence Furney Bagwell recently moved to Union Parish around 1859. He had increased his slaves by 14 upon his arrival from Alabama . Four were close to the ages of William, Sinia, and daughters, Laura and Julia. Thomas Kilgore lived on 200 acres in Cherry Ridge in Union Parish in 1860 several miles west of Marion . There are no indications of the Will family ever living in Cherry Ridge. J. Holloway a Union Parish slaveholder also had slaves matching the ages of the family but Holloway’s farm was located in Spring Hill several miles from Marion . There are no indications of the Will family ever living in Spring Hill. Levi Jordan one of the largest slaveholders in Union Parish and Union County Arkansas eventually moved to Brazoria County , Texas in 1848. In 1848, Jordan purchased 2,222 acres of land from Samuel M. Williams in Texas for $4.00 an acre. Shortly after this purchase, Jordan returned to Arkansas and adjacent Union Parish where his daughter Emily and her husband James McNeill resided, sold their plantations and move to Texas with their slaves. John Hill moved his Plantation before 1860 to Walker Texas because of the threat of war. Elias George one of the parish holdouts kept his plantation in Marion until 1867 until he established a home in southern Louisiana called Amite City . Elias George remains the most probable by simple location. From 1852 to 1890 the land in which William and the family lived on for nearly 20+ years was located on or near Elias George’s land. Also the Lewis Powell plantation where William met Sinia was located next to Elias George’s and John Traylor’s land which was purchased in 1852. The significance of this timeline is the birth of Julia, William and Sinia’s first child born in 1855 three years after they met. Land that William eventually bought in 1896 was located beside Elias George’s former land. A coincidence, highly unlikely but an indication that someone who knew the land gave William Guidance. It is possibly William worked on the adjoining land next to the property he would eventually own.
Shortly after William and Sinia started adding children to their family, an order in 1863 was given to the Union Parish slaveholders to assist in the construction of a new post named "Fort Beauregard" one of four forts built by Confederates in May 1863, to prevent the ascent of Federal gunboats on the Ouachita River. This brought about a short interruption in William’s and Sinia’s life. The Confederate commander of the District of Northeastern Louisiana, General Albert G. Blanchard, issued an order requiring all large slave-owners of the union to send one-fifth of their male slaves between 18 and 50 to work with the Confederate military at Harrisonburg . This command went out to Elias George, Lewis Powell and many others.
(sic) To General A. G. Blanchard, commanding at Monroe , La. The undersigned slaveowners, who in complyance with the law, and Your orders send one fifth of their negro now between 18 & 50, Residents of the parish of
Union , do hereby respectfully petition, that William Dean, of this parish, in whose care they have placed their negroes, may be appointed to superintend or oversee the said negroes at the place where they are to be employed. He the said Dean being to our knowledge a careful and competent man and experienced in overseeing negroes at work. G. W.
Moore W. H. Culbertson R. W. Windes S. W. Ramsey H. P. Anderson J. C. Manning Wm. H. Crawford Hiram
Bruster R. W. Futch J. F. Fuller John Taylor Thos. Pearson Elias
George Wm. Ham John Traylor J. G. Taylor John A.
White J. R. Clark Lewis Powel John Culbertson Uriah Bass
James H. Gully J. G. Hollis George A. Kilgore Isaac
Cole George Tubb T. J. Stewart W. A.
Parks
The work order would soon come to an end as the war took a turn of events. On September 5, 1863, Col. George W. Logan evacuated Fort Beauregard at 3:00 a.m., having only 40 men left in the fort. Working at night, the garrison destroyed the supplies and larger guns and withdrew with the horses, mules and wagons. The Federals entered Fort Beauregard and finished the destruction.
Two years and 600 Thousand deaths later the war came to an end on April 6, 1865. Following the end of the war in 1865, Southerners wanted to resume the status quo that existed prior to the war by sending their representatives back to the United States Congress. As a result Northerners implemented Reconstruction in 1867. In order to vote and regain their rights as citizens, all male Southerners including free Blacks had to register by swearing an oath to the United States and renouncing allegiance to the Confederate States of America . Union Parish's created a list of the men making this oath and allowed them to register to vote; William Will was possibly one of the registers listed as Wm Williams during the 1867 Voter Registration, Page 8, 235. Willis Bray C, 236. Danl. Rhodes C, 237. Wm Williams C.
List of Registered Names in Union Parish La Filed Sept 6th 1867 J.M. Reid, Clerk
206. Elias George 237. Wm Williams (C)
Figure 54. 1867 Voter Registration and 1870 Federal Census recording Will Williams
Three years after the 1867 Voters Registration, there was a recording in the 1870 Census of Will Williams AKA William Will and family. This was the family’s first appearance in the Federal Census by name as it was with other Black families.
The Will family remained in Union Parish after the Emancipation Proclamation as sharecroppers. The reason for their continued residency was not necessarily a good one. With very little money, many slaves saved what they could to one day relocate north or west to a better life; but after the war, the Confederate money they saved was no longer any good and the American dollars were almost nonexistent in southern households especially Black households, therefore many had to stay put. Also almost every aspect of the former slave’s life was regulated with Black Codes and Night Riders who were legally called Marshals that discouraged former slaves from leaving their place of residency. This was one of the most successful efforts of whites during and after slavery, to control the activities of' Blacks who were their major source of cheap labor. Also Black Codes in some towns required Blacks to get permission from their employer to enter the town. In Opelousas , Louisiana , a note was required, and it had to state the nature and length of the visit. Any Blacks found without a note after ten o'clock at night was subject to imprisonment. Residency was only possible if a newly hired worker’s white employer agreed to take responsibility for his Black employee's conduct.
William Will as well as other Parish families, remained on their former slaveholder’s property as farm laborers –an identity used by the Census- but were actually sharecroppers. After the Civil War, Louisiana and the parishes faced Reconstruction, a period almost as traumatic as the Civil War itself. In north central Louisiana , both blacks and whites faced grave problems associated with either the working or owning of land. Blacks, who made up over 40% of the population in the five-parish area, now found themselves without jobs and by and large without land. Moreover, those whites who owned land, both former slave owners and non-slave owners, were faced with financial ruin and could not afford to hire blacks as laborers for what was a devastated agricultural system. In March 1865 Congress created the Freedmen's Bureau, an agency administered by the War Department, to provide the former slaves with emergency supplies and to help them find employment, procure land, and pursue educational opportunities. What resulted as for employment was an agricultural system where sharecropping, share-renting and the crop lien method to earn money. It was a system which satisfied the needs of both the newly freed blacks and the impoverished whites, to have land to work and cash generated to buy either land or supplies. Each sharecropper and his family were responsible for an average of twenty acres, with the owner providing the land, seed, and perhaps equipment. Most sharecroppers had a hog or two and grew vegetables for their own use (Highsmith 1964: 25). Yet for all of its heroic efforts, the Freedmen's Bureau could help only a small percentage of former slaves. Few freed people were able to acquire land of their own. Most of them were forced to become wage laborers, or sharecroppers or tenant farmers contracting with white landowners to work their land in exchange for food, tools, clothing, and a place to live. Seeking a better position, sharecroppers frequently moved from farm to farm (Smith and Hitt 1952: 218). One The serious long-range problem resulting from the different forms of sharecropping was that the people actually farming the land needed to turn a profit to pay both themselves and the landowner from whom they rented the land. The result was an even heavier reliance on cotton because this was the crop which brought money. Over the years, as cotton was repeatedly planted on worn out soil and then as the Mexican boll weevil moved into Louisiana in the 1890s, the production of the land dropped and the economic fortunes of the people declined, throughout the South and in North Louisiana (Taylor 1974).
Many Union Parish former slaves were not able to purchase land immediately after the Emancipation because of a lack of money and the post slavery ideology called Reconstruction that created an environment like the Louisiana "forgotten Reconstruction tragedy” called the Colifax massacre that killed 200 black men. The result was that on Easter Sunday of 1873, when the sun went down that night, it went down on the corpses of two hundred and eighty negroes. On April 13, 1873, violence erupted in Colfax , Louisiana . The White League, a paramilitary group intent on securing white rule in Louisiana , clashed with Louisiana 's almost all-black state militia. The resulting death toll was staggering. Only three members of the White League died. But some one hundred black men were killed in the encounter. Of those, nearly half were murdered in cold blood after they had already surrendered. From 1865 to 1877 Louisiana was marked by rampant violence and pervasive fraud. Reconstruction officially ended in 1877 with the withdrawal of the last federal troops from the South. African Americans in the region retained certain constitutional rights, but in the shadow of white supremacy that incited killings and terror. With the loss of federal protection, blacks found themselves not only at the mercy of the southern political elite but also locked into dependent economic relationship through the sharecrop system. Many of the former slaveholders through Post Traumatic convictions provided help to their former slaves by identifying available land for them and providing assistance that helped circumvent the resistance from the white settlers, especially those who owned land within miles of former slaves. Once the smoke of Reconstruction cleared and the Louisiana Constitution of 1868 was ratified many former slaves made a mad rush to the north of Marion to claim land to settle under the homestead rules. Although many would equate former slaves not leaving the area which enslaved them as senseless; their staying could also equate to an investment in land which they toiled on, sunrise to sunset, six days a week. Some former slaves felt they were the keepers of land which they plowed and harvested. For those who maintained this form of personal ownership, their wishes 20 years after the Homestead Act of 1862 came true. Under the Homestead Act of 1862 former slaves were allowed to settle up to 160 acres of public land for future ownership. Once freed, Union Parish former slaves after 1868 were able to have a lifestyle similar to whites in the area. That is, they were able to own land and have their own communities. According to the Dictionary of Afro American Slavery “Propertied Blacks in Louisiana actually accumulated more property than average Northern Whites.” William and Sinia on Oct 10, 1896 became one of those owners in Union Parish, thirty one years after William and the families were freed. After They raised and saved money from sharecropping they acquired public land next to the land of former slaveholder Elias George. To own land wasn’t an easy process; it took several days journey to the Land Office in New Orleans to stake their claim to land they called theirs. William was issued a deed for 77.62 acres in 1896, land he had lived on, worked on and made improvements since 1870. The land did not cost the Will’s anything per acre but they did pay a filing fee. Once the Wills and other former slaves acquired their land there was one striking difference as to what they grew. As the white farmers used cotton as their cash cow, the new Black farmers did not use the same cash cow of cotton to get ahead. The reason was that the harvest of this product would require the same blood labor that was required of them during slavery which many Black farmers were not willing to take a former slave through.
On these 77 acres they had what was considered a simple two bedroom house. In each bedroom they had two feathered beds. In their son Allen’s bedroom they had a spare bed for visitors. All of the children were gone except for 19 years old Allen who helped with the farming. During this time father William Sr. was 70 years old and mother Sinia was 60 therefore the support from their youngest son Allen was greatly needed to plow and harvest the cotton and corn. The week of April 7, 1898 two years after William and Sinia received the deed to their land; a Hurricane blew over the central portion of Union parish, from west to east, doing much damage to outbuildings, fences, timber and orchards. The wind was followed by a heavy downpour of rain, which lasted a quarter to half an hour. The storm's damage was most severe in the eastern part of the parish. Some farms suffered heavy losses in the way of outbuildings, fencing and timber being demolished. Log-rolling is now the order of the day in the storm's path. No particular damage was done in Farmerville, aside from the blowing down of fencing and shade trees. At the same time the prospects for a bountiful crop in Union parish was never brighter. During the low of the hurricane and the high of a bountiful crop, the exception was cotton, too much rain for cotton, William became sick; he was attended to by Dr. O.H. Thompson for several weeks.
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A statement in the 1885 Farmerville Home Advocate Newspaper the oldest newspaper published in Union Parish
Figure 55. 1900 Census record of Dr. O.H. Thompson a Physician in Ward 2 Union Parish attended to William Will
On Thursday November 10, 1898 William Will died at his home in Marion , Louisiana . On November 17th, 1898
Sinia went to the Farmerville Courthouse to petitioned the court to be the administrator of her late husband’s
property, the court granted her administrator’s rights but ordered the property to be sold by public auction to
pay his debts. The court appointed an auctioneer who was a Farmerville Court Bailiff by the name of
John A. Gresham, son of James and Louisa Gresham. John and his parents were living next door to a relative in 1870 by the name of James B. Gresham.
(Both were relatives of Bill Clinton the 42nd President of the U.S.
John A. Gresham was also a witness 6 years earlier at the wedding of Mary Lou Will the daughter of William and Sinia.)
Sinia advertised the property auction in the Farmerville Gazette as the judge ordered. The saving grace for keeping the
property and all the belongings was her status as a Homestead widow. Being a Homestead
Widow Sinia was a recipient of a relief fund for $1000. With one thousand dollars Sinia was able to relieve her husband’s debts and retain
the property as a usufructuary until her death. Usufructuary is the legal principal by which Sinia has the right to use property and to receive
the things that property produces, that is, its fruits, produce and livestock. The children retained the right to receive the property
when the usufruct ends. When Sinia died the children came into the property in equal and full ownership.
William and Sinia’s property list 1896 Figure 56. William Will’s partial property list with values. Item #6 “One old two horse wagon”
After wills were proved, or administrators appointed for intestates, and the necessary bond obtained, the court required the administrator or executor to produce an inventory of the personal property. It then named three appraisers to value the personal property and to confirm the inventory. The appraisers were almost always close neighbors who were not related and who had no personal interest in the estate. They were paid by the administrator for their services. The executor or administrator typically then arranged for one or more estate sales to sell crops and other goods not required to support the family, in order to raise money to pay off the deceased’s debts or to convert the estate into a form easily divided among the heirs. Finally, and often considerably later, the residual property was distributed to the heirs. Heirs to land received the title immediately upon the owner’s death, regardless of their age. Heirs to personal property typically did not receive it until reaching majority (or marrying, in the case of women), it being managed by a guardian or remaining in the estate in the meantime.
William Sr. Dec'd Succession 3 623,635 154 Last Name First Name Init Date Parish Acres
WILL WILLIAM 1896 Union 77.6200
“estate in common with your petitioner consisting of land, stock, household and kitchen furniture, ( ) That there are twelve Children living, the issue of the marriage of said petitioner and said deceased, all of whom are majors except one Allen Will, who is less than twenty one years of age. She shows the court that said deceased owes some debts, and your petitioner will…..”
Comment: In 1896, 12 of 13 children were living; the 6th child Henry Will was deceased.
Children: Julia, Laura, Columbus, Shilley, Jackoline, Henry, Brooks, Mariah, Frank, Charley, Mary L, Ellen, and Allen
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1911 - Christian & Missionary Alliance enters Cambodia and Vietnam[310] 1912 - Conference of British Missionary Societies formed;[311] International Review of Missions begins publication[296] 1913 - African-American Eliza George sails from New York for Liberia;[312] William Whiting Borden dies in Egypt while preparing to take the gospel to the Muslims in China [313] 1914-1918 World War I numerous missionaries in Africa and Asia in British, French, German and Belgian colonies are expelled or detained for the duration of the war, if their nation was at war with the colonial authority 1914 - Large-scale revival movement in Uganda; C.T. Studd reports a revival movement in the Congo[314] 1914 Paul Olaf Bodding completes his translation of the Bible into the Santali language. 1915 - Founded in 1913 in Nanjing, China as a women's Christian college, Ginling College officially opens with eight students and six teachers. It was supported by four missions: the Northern Baptists, the Christian Church (Disciples of Christ), the Methodists, and the Presbyterians.[315] 1916 - Rhenish missionaries are forced to leave Ondjiva in southern Angola under pressure from the Portuguese authorities and Chief Mandume of the Kwanyama. By then, four congregations existed with a confessing membership of 800. 1917 - Interdenominational Foreign Mission Association (IFMA) founded [316] 1919 - The Union Version of Bible in Chinese is published;[317] Gospel Missionary Union enters Sudan [318] 1920 - Baptist Mid-Missions formed by William Haas;[319] Church of the Nazarene enters Syria; Columbans enter Australia and New Zealand[320] 1921 - Founding of International Missionary Council (IMC); Norwegian Mission Council formed; Columbans enter China 1922 - Nazarenes enter Mozambique 1923 - Scottish missionaries begin work in British Togoland 1924 - Bible Churchman's Missionary Society opens work in Upper Burma;[321] Baptist Mid-Missions begins work in Venezuela 1925 - E. Stanley Jones, Methodist missionary to India, writes The Christ of the Indian Road [322] 1927 - East African revival movement (Balokole) emerges in Rwanda and moves across several other countries[296] 1928 - Cuba Bible Institute (West Indies Mission) opens; Jerusalem Conference of International Missionary Council;[296] foundation of Borneo Evangelical Mission by Hudson Southwell, Frank Davidson and Carey Tolley. 1929 - Christian & Missionary Alliance enters East Borneo (Indonesia) and Thailand [323] 1930 - Christian & Missionary Alliance starts work among Baouli tribe in the Côte d'Ivoire 1931 - Franciscan missionary the Venerable Gabriele Allegra arrives in Hunan China from Italy to start translating the Bible[324] 1931 - HCJB radio station started in Quito, Ecuador by Clarence Jones;[325] Baptist Mid-Missions enters Liberia [326] 1932 - Assemblies of God open mission work in Colombia; Laymen's Missionary Inquiry report published 1933 - Gladys Aylward (subject of movie "The Inn of the Sixth Happiness") arrives in China; Columbans enter Korea[327] 1934 - William Cameron Townsend begins the Summer Institute of Linguistics; Columbans enter Japan[328] 1935 - Frank C. Laubach, American missionary to the Philippines, perfects the "Each one teach one" literacy program, which has been used worldwide to teach 60 million people to read [329] 1936 - With the outbreak of civil war in Spain, missionaries are forced to leave that country. 1937 - After expulsion of missionaries from Ethiopia by Italian invaders, widespread revival erupts among Protestant (SIM) churches in south;[330] Child Evangelism Fellowship founded by Jesse Irvin Overholzer 1938 - West Indies Mission enters Dominican Republic; Church Missionary Society forced out of Egypt; Madras World Missionary Conference held;[331] Dr. Orpha Speicher completes construction of Reynolds Memorial Hospital in central India[332] 1939-1945 World War II numerous missionaries in Africa and Asia in British, French and Belgian colonies are expelled or detained for the duration of the war, if their nation was at war with the colonial authority 1939 - A sick missionary, Joy Ridderhof, makes a recording of gospel songs and a message and sends it into the mountains of Honduras. It is the beginning of Gospel Recordings [333] 1940 - Marianna Slocum begins translation work in Mexico;[334] Military police in Japan arrest the executive officers of the Salvation Army 1942 - William Cameron Townsend founds Wycliffe Bible Translators; New Tribes mission founded with a vision to reach the tribal peoples of Bolivia 1943 - Five missionaries with New Tribes Mission martyred;[335] 11 American Baptist missionaries beheaded in the Philippines by Japanese soldiers 1944 - Missionaries return to Suki, Papua New Guinea after withdrawal of the Japanese military 1945 - Mission Aviation Fellowship formed;[333] Far East Broadcasting Company (FEBC) founded;[336] Evangelical Foreign Missions Association formed by denominational mission boards [337] 1945 - The Venerable Gabriele Allegra establishes the Studium Biblicum Franciscanum in Beijing[324] 1946 - First Inter-Varsity missionary convention (now called "Urbana");[338] United Bible Societies formed 1947 - Conservative Baptist Foreign Mission Society begins work among the Senufo people in the Côte d'Ivoire [339] 1948 - Alfredo del Rosso merges his Italian Holiness Mission with the Church of the Nazarene, thus opening Nazarene work on the European continent; Southern Baptist Convention adopts program calling for the tripling of the number of missionaries (achieved by 1964</ref> 1949 - Southern Baptist Mission board opens work in Venezuela, Mary Tripp sent out by CEF Child Evangelism Fellowship to the Netherlands.
1950 to 1999
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- 1950 - Paul Orjala arrives in Haiti; radio station 4VEH, owned by East and West Indies Bible Mission, starts broadcasting from near Cap Haitien, Haiti[340]
- 1951 - World Evangelical Alliance organized; Bill and Vonette Bright create Campus Crusade for Christ at UCLA;[341] Alaska Missions is founded (later to be renamed InterAct Ministries).
- 1952 - Trans World Radio founded [342]
- 1953 - Walter Trobisch, who would publish I loved a girl in 1962, begins pioneer missionary work in northern Cameroon [343]
- 1954 - Mennonite Board of Missions and Charities opens work in Cuba; Argentina Revival breaks out during Tommy Hicks crusade; Augustinians re-established in Japan; Columbans enter Chile[344]
- 1955 - Donald McGavran publishes Bridges of God [333]; Dutch missionary "Brother Andrew" makes first of many Bible smuggling trips into Communist Eastern Europe;
- 1956 - U.S. missionaries Jim Elliot, Pete Fleming, Edward McCully, Nate Saint, and Roger Youderian are killed by Huaorani Indians in eastern Ecuador. (See Operation Auca)[345]
- 1957 - East Asia Christian Conference (EACC) founded at Prapat, Sumatra, Indonesia[346]
- 1958 - Rochunga Pudaite completes translation of Bible into Hmar language (India) and was appointed the leader of the Indo-Burma Pioneer Mission; Missionaries Elisabeth Elliot and Rachel Saint make first peaceful contact with the Huaorani tribe in Ecuador.
- 1959 - Radio Lumiere founded in Haiti by West Indies Mission (now World Team);[347] Josephine Makil becomes the first African-American to join Wycliffe Bible Translators; Feba Radio founded in UK.
- 1960 - Kenneth Strachan starts Evangelism-in-Depth in Central America;[348] 18,000 people in Morocco reply to newspaper ad by Gospel Missionary Union offering free correspondence course on Christianity;[349] Loren Cunningham founds Youth with a Mission;[350] The Asia Evangelistic Fellowship (AEF), one of the largest Asian indigenous missionary organisations, is launched in Singapore by G. D. James[351]
- 1961 - International Christian radio stations now number 30[346]
- 1962 - Don Richardson goes to Sawi tribe in Papua New Guinea;[352] Operation Mobilisation founded in Mexico by George Verwer
- 1963 - Theological Education by Extension movement launched in Guatemala by Ralph Winter and James Emery [353]
- 1964 - In separate incidents, rebels in the Congo kill missionaries Paul Carlson and Irene Ferrel as well as brutalizing missionary doctor Helen Roseveare;[354] Carlson is featured on December 4 TIME magazine cover;[355] Hans von Staden of the Dorothea Mission proposes to Patrick Johnstone that he write the book now titled Operation World[356]
- 1966 - Red Guards destroy churches in China; Berlin Congress on Evangelism;[357] Missionaries expelled from Burma; God's Smuggler published
- 1967 - All foreign missionaries expelled from Guinea [358]
- 1968 - The Studium fhndgnbcv cbnfhbdfgbcvn mmBiblicum Translation of the Bible is published in Chinese[324] by the Venerable Gabriele Allegra
- 1968 - Wu Yung and others form the Chinese Missions Overseas in order to send out missionaries from Taiwan to do cross-cultural ministry; Augustinian order re-established in India
- 1969 - OMF International begins "industrial evangelism" to Taiwan's factory workers[359]
- 1970 - Frankfurt Declaration on Mission;[360] Operation Mobilisation launches MV Logos ship;[361] Abp. Makarios III (Mouskos) of Cyprus baptizes 10,000 into the Orthodox Church in Kenya.
- 1971 - Gustavo Gutierrez publishes A Theology of Liberation [362]
- 1972 - American Society of Missiology founded with journal Missiology [363]
- 1972 - Worldwide Faith Missions is founded by Dr Johannes Maas, following a request to care for orphans made by Christian leaders in India [364]
- 1973 - Services by Billy Graham attract four and a half million people in six cities of Korea;[365] first All-Asa Mission Consultation convenes in Seoul, Korea with 25 delegates from 14 countries[366]
- 1974 - Missiologist Ralph Winter talks about "hidden" or unreached peoples at Lausanne Congress of World Evangelism.[367] Lausanne Covenant is written and ratified
- 1975 - Missionaries Armand Doll and Hugh Friberg imprisoned in Mozambique after communist takeover of government[368]
- 1976 - U.S. Center for World Mission founded in Pasadena, California; 1600 Chinese assemble in Hong Kong for the Chinese Congress on World Evangelization; Islamic World Congress calls for withdrawal of Christian missionaries; Peace Child by Don Richardson appears in Reader's Digest.
- 1977 - Evangelical Fellowship of India sponsors the All-India Congress on Mission and Evangelization[366]
- 1978 - LCWE Consultation on Gospel and Culture in Willowbank, Bermuda;[369] Columbans enter Taiwan[370]
- 1979 - Production of JESUS film commissioned by Bill Bright of Campus Crusade for Christ;[371] Ted Fletcher founds Pioneers, a missionary agency with a focus on "unreached people groups";[372] Columban missionaries enter Pakistan at the request of the Bishop of Lahore[373]
- 1980 - Philippine Congress on Discipling a Whole Nation;[374] Lausanne Congress on World Evangelism Conference in Pattaya [375]
- 1981 - Colombian terrorists kidnap and kill Wycliffe Bible Translator Chet Bitterman;[376] Project Pearl: one million Bibles are delivered in a single night to thousands of waiting believers in China[377]
- 1982 - Story on "The New Missionary" makes December 27 cover of TIME magazine;[378] Andes Evangelical Mission (formerly Bolivian Indian Mission</ref> merges into SIM (formerly Sudan Interior Mission</ref>[379]
- 1983 - Missionary Athletes International, a global soccer ministry, founded by Tim Conrad[380]
- 1984 - Founding of The Mission Society for United Methodists, a voluntary missionary sending agency within the United Methodist Church; rebranded in 2006 to The Mission Society; Founding of STEM (Short Term Evangelical Mission teams) ministry by Roger Petersen signals the rising importance of Short-term missions groups
- 1985 - Howard Foltz founds Accelerating International Mission Strategies (AIMS)[381]
- 1987 - Second International Conference on Missionary Kids (MKs) held in Quito, Ecuador
- 1989 - Adventures In Missions (Georgia) (AIM) Short-term missions agency founded by Seth Barnes; Lausanne II, a world missions conference; concept of 10/40 Window emerges;[382] "Ee-Taow" video released by New Tribes Mission
- 1991 - The Marxist government of Ethiopia is overthrown and missionaries are able to return to that country
- 1992 - World Gospel Mission (National Holiness Missionary Society) starts work in Uganda[383]
- 1993 - Trans World Radio starts broadcasting from a 250,000-watt shortwave transmitter in Russia[384]
- 1994 - Liibaan Ibraahim Hassan, a convert to Christianity in Somalia, is martyred by Islamic militants in the capital city of Mogadishu;
- 1995 - Missionary Don Cox abducted in Quito, Ecuador [385]
- 1996 - Nazarenes enter Hungary, Kazakhstan, Pakistan
- 1997 - Foreign Mission Board and Home Mission Board of Southern Baptist Convention become the International Mission Board and North American Mission Board with ten thousand missionaries
- 1999 - Trans World Radio goes on the air from Grigoriopol (Moldova) using a 1-million-watt AM transmitter;[384] Veteran Australian missionary Graham Stuart Staines and his two sons are burned alive by Hindu extremists as they are sleeping in a car in eastern India
as a vision of black Africans passing before the judgment seat of Christ. Weeping and moaning, many of them were saying, "No one ever told us You died for us." A few years earlier, while a student at Guadalupe College, Eliza George had responded to an invitation for volunteer missionary service. Now, she felt a vision was prodding her to go to Africa. The college president tried to dissuade her: "Don't let yourself get carried away by that foolishness. You don't have to go over there to be a missionary -- we have enough Africa over here." It would be two more years before Eliza George got up enough courage to leave her teaching position and head to Liberia. In her resignation speech, she read an original poem: "My African brother is calling me; Hark! Hark! I hear his voice . . . Would you say stay when God said go?" On December 12, 1913, Eliza George sailed from New York as a National Baptist missionary.
Might the Fatima vision in 1917 have been a sign of the coming vengeance determined upon Rome by the Templars? Bishop Graber, whose associations include Knight of Malta, Peter Beyerhaus, may be sending an esoteric message that Virgo will be the sign in the heavens which will precede the coming of Horus, the pagan messiah who will avenge the Knights Templars by destroying the Roman Catholic Church.
Should another Fatima-type apparition occur in the sign of Virgo, perhaps at Medjugorje, such an event would hardly vindicate Roman Catholicism as the 'one true Church.' To the contrary, another such apparition displaying overtly occult phenomena would probably provide the death warrant needed to overthrow this Harlot Church which has, in recent times, scandalized the world with reports of homosexuality and pedophilia in its priesthood.
Since few are wise to the Merovingian (Jewish) infiltration and takeover of the Roman Catholic Church or that celibacy, homosexuality and pederasty are sacred rites of the Merovingians, and given that the secret societies, which are under the oversight of the Prieuré de Sion, control the news media which has sensationalized these scandals, and considering the effectiveness of this ingenious and carefully executed plan, we submit that the mighty fall of this citadel of Christendom is a fait accompli.
...and I saw a woman sit upon a scarlet coloured beast, full of names of blasphemy, having seven heads and ten horns... And the ten horns which thou sawest upon the beast, these shall hate the whore, and shall make her desolate and naked, and shall eat her flesh, and burn her with fire. - Revelation 17:16
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