ISO .......The Battle for Love

4000 BC. The Medes unified Iran as a nation and empire in 625 BC. The Achaemenid Empire (550–330 BC) was the first of the Iranian empires to rule in Middle east and central Asia. They were succeeded by the Seleucid Empire, Parthians and Sassanids which governed Iran for almost 1,000 years. The Islamic conquest of Persia (633–  Nebuchadnezzar II (Aramaic: ܢܵܒܘܼ ܟܘܼܕܘܼܪܝܼ ܐܘܼܨܘܼܪ ‎; English pronunciation: /nɛbəkədˈnɛzər/  ( listen); Arabic: بختنصر c 634 – 562 BC) was king of the Neo-Babylonian Empire, who reigned c. 605 BC – 562 BC. According to the Bible, he conquered Judah and Jerusalem, and sent the Jews into exile. He is credited with the construction of the Hanging Gardens of Babylon and the destruction of the First Temple. He is featured in the Book of Daniel and is also mentioned in several other books of the Bible. Amel-Marduk (Akk.: Amēl-Marduk, 'man of Marduk'[1] died 560 BC) was the son and successor of Nebuchadrezzar, king of Babylon. He reigned only two years, 562 - 560 BC Jewish temple at Elephantine The Jews had their own Temple to Yahweh[1] which functioned alongside that to the local ram-headed deity, Khnum[2]. The "Petition to Bagoas" (Sayce-Cowley collection) is a letter written in 407 BCE to Bagoas, the Persian governor of Judea, appealing for assistance in rebuilding the Jewish temple in Elephantine, which had recently been badly damaged by an anti-Semitic rampage on the part of a segment of the Elephantine community[3] In the course of this appeal, the Jewish inhabitants of Elephantine speak of the antiquity of the damaged temple: 'Now our forefathers built this temple in the fortress of Elephantine back in the days of the kingdom of Egypt, and when Cambyses came to Egypt he found it built. They (the Persians) knocked down all the temples of the gods of Egypt, but no one did any damage to this temple." The community also appealed for aid to Sanballat I, a Samaritan potentate, and his sons Delaiah and Shelemiah, as well as Johanan ben Eliashib. Both Sanballat and Johanan are mentioned in the Book of Nehemiah, 2:19, 12:23[4]. There was a response of both governors (Bagoas and Delaiah) which gave the permission to rebuild the temple written in the form of a memorandum: "1Memorandum of what Bagohi and Delaiah said 2to me, saying: Memorandum: You may say in Egypt ... 8to (re)build it on its site as it was formerly..." [5]. . . 4 BC By the middle of the 4th century BCE, the Temple at Elephantine had ceased to function. There is evidence by the excavations that the rebuilding and enlargement of the Khnum temple under Nectanebo II. (360-343) filled the place of the former Templ of YHW                                                                                                       Annunciation Some time before Jesus' birth the angel Gabriel visited Mary and told her that she was going to have a very special baby. 6 BC Birth Jesus was born in Bethlehem, Judea. According to the Gospels, Jesus was not the son of Joseph in the ordinary sense. He was miraculously conceived by Mary through God, without any human father. That is why Christians say that he was conceived by the Holy Ghost, born to the Virgin Mary. 5 BC Visited by the Magi The Bible tells us how the Magi (wisemen/priests with supernatural powers from ancient Persia) from the East brought presents to the infant Christ. They seemed to know that something quite out of ordinar y had happened.  AD                                                                                                                        Visit to the Temple as a Boy According to the Gospels, at age 12 Jesus made a visit with his parents to Jerusalem during the feast of the Passover. St. Luke tells us how suddenly he disappeared and eventually his parents found him in the Temple where, to their great astonishment he was holding a serious conversation with learned men that were astonished by his wisdom.  AD Baptized Jesus must have been around 30 years old when he met a man called John the Baptist, who had started a religious movement preparing for the coming of the Messiah, or saviour. Jesus was baptized by John in the River Jordan.  AD Messiah After Jesus was Baptized by John the Baptist, he took part in John's religious movement and became convinced that it was himself whom God intended to be the Messiah. 26 AD The First Miracle During the first part of his ministry Jesus made tours from his base at Capernaum in Galilee to the neighboring towns and villages, proving the authority of his mission by performing miraculous deeds. The Gospels describe various miracles, such as raising the dead, casting out devils, healing the sick, calming the waves and winds by command, and other wonderful deeds. 28 AD Jesus Chooses the 12 Disciples Jesus had chosen a little group of 12 disciples, or followers called apostles, to help him in his work. He began to give them special teaching and shared with them some of his own deepest religious experiences so that they could understand fully who he was. 30 AD Thursday The Last Supper Jesus left Galilee and returned to Jerusalem. Soon, he realized that his teachings had aroused opposition. Worse still, he knew that one of his own disciples was turning against him. Jesus knew that the danger was great, and he must prepare for the end. He gathered his 12 disciples together for a final meal, Known as the Last Supper, and explained to them that his death was necessary because it would establish a new covenant between God and man, and it would be the disciples' duty to spread Jesus' teachings after he had gone. He took bread and wine, blessed it and gave it to his disciples saying, "This is my body...this is my blood". Christians remember this when they celebrate Holy Communion. 30 AD Friday Arrest and Trial After the meal, Jesus and the disciples went to Mount of Olives, a hill on the east side of Jerusalem. That is the place where Judas Iscariot brought man to arrest Jesus. They took him to the Jewish leaders for trial. The High Priest asked Jesus, "Art thou the Christ, the Son of the Blessed, and Jesus replied, "I am". Consequently, he was sentenced to death. The sentence the Jewish leaders had passed could not be carried out until it had been approved by the Roman governor of Judea, Pontius Pilate. Pilate was uncertain what to do and after consulting the crowd he gave in and sentenced Jesus to be crucified (this was the Roman method of executing criminals by nailing them to a cross). 30 AD Friday Crucifixion and Death 30 AD Sunday Resurrection   That evening (Friday) the dead body of Jesus was taken down from the cross and laid in a tomb, and a great stone was rolled across the entrance of the tomb. Early on the Sunday morning, Easter Sunday, a group of women disciples went to the tomb and found the stone rolled back and the body gone. Soon after this discovery Jesus appeared to Mary Magdalene and to the disciples, and the news quickly spread that Jesus returned from the dead. Jesus' resurrection is a matter of great importance for Christians, for the Christian faith is based on the resurrection of Christ. During the first century A.D., Alexandria, Egypt was a veritable hotbed of mystical activity, a crucible in which, according to Holy Blood, Holy Grail, "Judaic, Mithraic, Zoroastrian, Pythagorean, Hermetic, and neo-Platonic doctrines suffused the air and combined with innumerable others." (31:123)  It was in the early centuries of the Christian era that the ancient worship of the Mother Goddess was introduced to Christianity by Jews who had fled Israel and embraced Alexandrian Neo-Platonism, which is just a rehash of Greek paganism. "The Neo-Platonists are Greek philosophers who lived long enough after Plato to have lost the name of Platonists as far as modern scholars are concerned (although they were intellectual disciples of Plato and considered themselves Platonists)." (942:72)   In ancient times, mankind worshipped the hosts of heaven, believing them to be gods and goddesses who ruled the world. Ancient man believed that the constellation Virgo was the Great Mother Goddess who ruled over a Golden Age called Lemuria, which preceded Atlantis. This astrological tradition was transmitted to successive pagan cultures through the ages of mankind. "Some of the mythological representations of Virgo are Nana, Eve, Istar, Demeter, Hecate, Themis, Hera, Astraea, Diana, Cybele, Isis, Fortuna, Erigone, Sibylla and the Virgin Mother. All representations of the Great Mother in some form. She who existed before the masculine gods of ancient and classical mythology." (Stories of the Constellations: The Legend of Virgo: 905)   The Greek adaptation of Virgo, was Demeter, whose daughter Kore was abducted by Pluto, the god of the underworld. Kore would remain the dark lord's queen and her name would no longer be Kore, the maiden, but Persephone, "she who is to be feared".  The Alexandrian Jews who worshipped the Greek goddess, Kore, managed to convert their pagan goddess worship into a theologically respectable tradition called Gnosticism by giving the goddess the trappings of Christianity. Although they worshipped her as the Holy Virgin, "virginity" has an altogether different connotation to Gnostics than it does to Christians. "According to Baron de Westerode, the founder of the Rosicrucians was one Ormesius, who had been converted by St. Mark, at Alexandria, in A.D. 46. He purified the Egyptian Rites, and reconciled them with Christianity, carrying his disciples with him, and founded the Society of ORMUS, or of the Light, each member wearing a red cross. To this society the Essenes and Therapeutae joined themselves, and conserved the Masonic Secrets." (Antiquities of the Illuminati, Part 3: 636) "Another important feature of the Gnostic tradition of Epiphany is that it is really a feminine holiday. St. Clement of Alexandria (c. 194) mentioned that the followers of the Gnostic master Basilides feasted on the day of the Baptism and kept a long vigil before it. Epiphanius (305-402) gave us a detailed description of how the Alexandrian Gnostics celebrated the Epiphany. They did this in the sanctuary of the Maiden Goddess Kore whom they equated with the image of the Holy Virgin. At midnight they descended with torches into the crypt of the temple and brought the wooden statue of Kore forth in procession. The Maiden was represented naked and sitting, with crosses marked on her brow, her hands and her knees. The statue was carried seven times around the central shrine and was then retired to the crypt once more. The Gnostics said that on this day, Kore, the Virgin, gave birth to the divine principle known as the Christ. It is from the feminine intuitive consciousness and feeling nature that the messianic power, of individuated consciousness is born. Thus the human nature of Jesus or Everyman is transformed into divine and spiritual nature by the holy female power, the Holy Spirit, in the initiation rite of baptism." (Gnostic Liturgical Calendar: 834) It is important to note that the heretic, Basilides, was an Gnostic Jew of Alexandria, as was his contemporary, the arch heretic Valentinus. It was in the Gnostic culture of Alexandria that the Mother Goddess evolved into Mary Magdalene. Ean Begg wrote in The Cult of the Black Virgin that "...many of the finest Gnostic writings are of Alexandrian inspiration or origin. Alexandria is also the main source of Gnostic works linking Jesus with Mary Magdalene. According to this tradition it was through the Magdalen, rather than through Peter and the male apostles, that Jesus transmitted his secret doctrine." (272:128)  In their endeavors to relocate the center of Christianity in Alexandria, Egypt, the Gnostics misrepresent Mary Magdalene as a native of the Magdolum in Egypt, which they associate with Migdol: "There is no necessity to endeavor to crowbar [Mary Magdalene] into a Galilean setting, for there are other intriguing alternatives for her place of origin: although there was no ‘Magdala’ in Judea in her day, there was a Magdolum in Egypt - just across the border - which was probably the Migdol mentioned in Ezekiel.  There was a large and flourishing Jewish community in Egypt at that time, which was particularly centered on the great sea port of Alexandria, a seething cosmopolitan melting pot of many races, nationalities and religions  and perhaps where the Holy Family had fled to escape the depredations of Herod’s men." (Mary Magdalene Files: 843) There is no mention of Migdol in the book of Ezekiel, however the prophet Jeremiah reproved the apostate Jews who took up residence in Migdol, in Egypt, for disobeying the Lord who had commanded them to go with their countrymen to Babylon. The prophet Jeremiah specifically admonished the Jews in Egypt for their worship of the Mother Goddess: The word that came to Jeremiah concerning all the Jews which dwell in the land of Egypt, which dwell at Migdol, and at Tahpanhes, and at Noph, and in the country of Pathros, saying, Thus saith the LORD of hosts, the God of Israel; Ye have seen all the evil that I have brought upon Jerusalem, and upon all the cities of Judah; and, behold, this day they are a desolation, and no man dwelleth therein, Because of their wickedness which they have committed to provoke me to anger, in that they went to burn incense, and to serve other gods, whom they knew not, neither they, ye, nor your fathers... Then all the men which knew that their wives had burned incense unto other gods, and all the women that stood by, a great multitude, even all the people that dwelt in the land of Egypt, in Pathros, answered Jeremiah, saying, As for the word that thou hast spoken unto us in the name of the LORD, we will not hearken unto thee. But we will certainly do whatsoever thing goeth forth out of our own mouth, to burn incense unto the queen of heaven, and to pour out drink offerings unto her, as we have done, we, and our fathers, our kings, and our princes, in the cities of Judah, and in the streets of Jerusalem: for then had we plenty of victuals, and were well, and saw no evil. But since we left off to burn incense to the queen of heaven, and to pour out drink offerings unto her, we have wanted all things, and have been consumed by the sword and by the famine. And when we burned incense to the queen of heaven, and poured out drink offerings unto her, did we make her cakes to worship her, and pour out drink offerings unto her, without our men? - Jer. 44:1-3,15-19 Here it is apparent that the worship of the Mother Goddess, Virgo, under the appellation of Isis, spread from Egypt into Israel and from Israel to the centers of the Roman Empire: "The cult of Isis was widespread in the Egypt of the dynastic period. From Egypt it spread northwards to Phoenicia, Syria and Palestine; to Asia Minor; to Cyprus, Rhodes, Crete, Samos and other islands in the Aegean; to many parts of mainland Greece - Corinth, Argos and Thessaly amongst them; to Malta and Sicily; and, finally, to Rome. In the first century BC, Isis was perhaps the most popular goddess in the Eternal City, from which her cult spread to the furthest limits of the Roman Empire, including Britain: her only rival was Mithras. - (Star Lore: 920)  In fact, the worship of the Virgin Mary in the Roman Catholic Church, along with the entire body of Catholic tradition, can be traced to the worship of Isis in Egypt. {See: Mystery Babylon the Great: Catholic or Jewish?} "Immaculate is our Lady Isis...the very terms applied afterwards to that personage (the Virgin Mary) who succeeded to her form, titles, symbols, rites, and ceremonies... Thus, her devotees carried into the new priesthood the former badges of their profession, the obligation to celibacy, the tonsure, and the surplice, omitting, unfortunately, the frequent ablutions prescribed by the ancient creed. The 'Black Virgins', so highly reverenced in certain French cathedrals...proved, when at last critically examined, basalt figures of Isis!'" (Isis, the Black Virgin: 921) In 412 A.D., Cyril of Alexandria became the Bishop of Alexandria. In Isis Unveiled, H.P. Blavatsky wrote: "...Cyril, the Bishop of Alexandria, had openly embraced the cause of Isis, the Egyptian goddess, and had anthropomorphized her into Mary, the mother of God..." (195:41, Vol.II)  During his bishopric, Cyril wrote passionately and voluminously against the Nestorian heresy, and was largely instrumental in having it condemned at the Council of Ephesus in 431.  The Third Ecumenical Council was held at Ephesus in Greece, whose philosophy and culture were, like Egypt, derived from the occult traditions of the pre-Flood civilization. The Council of Ephesus condemned the Nestorian heresy but approved the veneration of the Virgin Mary as "Theotokos" ---the God-Bearer or Mother of God. Nestorius and the Nestorians were exiled to the Persian Empire and become the Assyrian Orthodox Church of the East. However, in what appears to have been a classic dialectical operation, the path had been cleared for Mary to be transformed from the "Mother of God" to a deity in the image of the Mother Goddess, Isis, who shared in the divinity of her son, Horus. In her article on Mariology, Keri Mills posited that the issue driving the great Nestorian controversy was really the doctrine of Mary rather than the doctrine of Christ: "Catholics claim that no serious question was raised about Mary's sinlessness after the Council of Ephesus in AD 431 which declared Mary to be 'God bearer, Mother of God'. What is not explained is the reason why no questions (according to the RCC) were raised after the council. It is clearly documented that Nestorius, bishop of Constantinople, was declared a heretic and exiled because he rejected the popular title given to Mary (Mother of God). The church would claim that Nestorius made it appear, in his emphasis on the reality of the humanity of Jesus, that Christ was two persons or 'two sons' the son of Mary and the son of God. Interestingly, the writings of Ignatius, a disciple of the apostle John and bishop of Antioch, declared a similar thought, 'Mary is presented as Mother of Christ according to his human nature, as the heavenly Father is his Father according to his divine nature (To the Ephesians)', with the same purpose to refute heretical thinking, and yet he is not declared a heretic. Nestorius was declared a heretic based on power politics and his denial of Mary as God-bearer, not on Christology. Nestorius was refuting heretical ideas that Christ was not flesh, only deity. In his autobiography, he insisted that he did not oppose the title 'God-bearer' because he denied the Godhead of Christ, but rather to distinguish that Jesus was a genuine human being born with a body and soul. He insisted that calling Mary 'God-bearer, Mother of God' was to declare that God could be born of a woman. Parents pre-exist their children, yet Mary a mortal woman could not pre-exist God; in fact the paradox remains clear to this day that Jesus the son of Mary pre-existed Mary. Yet with the reign of Constantine, the church had gained power, and so no serious questions would be raised outwardly, without the backing of the majority, once that power had been exercised on Nestorius." (Mariology: 849) Even the trappings of monasticism that found a home in Roman Catholicism originated in the asceticism that was prevalent in Egypt, dating back to Hermes Trismegestis. Hermes or Thoth, a demi-god from the pre-flood civilization of Atlantis, became the prototype of the 'hermit' monk. The Council of Nicea in 321 A.D. may have been another dialectical operation. There St. Athanasius (296-373 AD), as Bishop of Alexandria, valiantly combated the Arian heresy which challenged the divinity of Jesus Christ. However, Athanasius also used that council as an opportunity to incorporate in the canons of the Church the requirement of celibacy for Christian leaders. (Catholic Encyclopedia: 548)  Following his victory over the heresiarch Arius and the Arians, Athanasius traveled throughout Europe promoting monasticism and asceticism. He is credited with introducing monasticism specifically to the Romans and Germans. In the Gnostic theology of Athanasius, only ascetics were considered the Bride of Christ, a pernicious teaching which influenced many devout  Christians to seek Christ in monasteries and convents. Although the religious orders had the outward appearance of spiritual piety, they were often, however, fronts for occult as well as homosexual/lesbian activity. That asceticism, enforced celibacy and monastic life have borne evil fruit throughout the centuries is evident in the rampant sexual perversion of the Roman Catholic priesthood and hierarchy. It was through the establishment of monasteries that the Merovingian Jews, whose forefathers were the Alexandrian Gnostics, began to infiltrate and mold the theology and practices of the Roman Catholic Church. Many of the popes were Merovingian monks who forced masses of European Jews to convert to Roman Catholicism., with the result that the Church incorporated traditions from both Judaism, the Talmud and the Kabbalah. (See: Mystery Babylon the Great: Catholic or Jewish?)  We believe it will be from the monastic movement that the False Prophet, a Merovingian, will rise to prominence and power as the Antichrist's right hand man. THE PRIEURÉ DE SION   1200 - The Bible is now available in 22 different languages 1210 - Franciscan Order established [83]                                                                                                                                                        1216 - Dominican Order established [84] 1219 - Francis of Assisi presents the Gospel to the Sultan of Egypt [85] 1227 - Prince Bort converted and baptized in the Ukraine [86] 1244 - Christians are reported in Lithuania with King Mindaugas being baptized in 1251 [87] 1253 - Franciscan William of Rubruck begins his journey to the Mongols [88] 1266 - Mongol leader Khan sends Marco Polo's father and uncle, Niccolo and Matteo Polo, back to Europe with a request to the Pope to send 100 Christian missionaries (only two responded and one died before reaching Mongol territory) [89] 1276 - Ramon Llull opens training center to send missionaries to North Africa [90] 1291 - Appointment of first indigeneous bishop in Finland [91] 1294 - Franciscan Giovanni di Monte Corvino arrives in China [92] In the thoroughly pagan milieu of Alexandria, an Egyptian priest and magus by the name of Ormesius founded the monastic Society of Ormus. The members of this society included the Therapeutae of Alexandria and the Essenes of Qumran—apostate Jews who had embraced the Neo-Platonist doctrine of the lost continent of Atlantis. Gnostics allege that Ormesius was a convert of St. Mark, however, such conversions are a common modus operandi of infiltrators with hidden agendas. As a false convert, Ormesius would synthesize Christianity with the paganism of Alexandria, Egypt and establish the monastic society which was the original "Order of the Rosy Cross": The Society of Ormus would eventually relocate to Italy and, in 1070 A.D., move to territory in France owned by Godfroi de Bouillon, the first Grand Master of the Prieuré de Sion. There Ormus changed its name to the "Ordre de Sion" and the monks were given a tract of land owned by one Bernard of Clairvaux.  St. Bernard, who was the founder of the Cistercian Order of monks, also wrote of the Rule of the Templars. According to Holy Blood, Holy Grail, the Society of Ormus, which became the Ordre de Sion, then became the Prieuré de Sion.  "The 'Prieuré documents' imply that...an abbey existed by 1100 and housed an order of the...name [Ordre de Sion] which may have been formed earlier... It is known that in 1070, twenty-nine years before the First Crusade, a specific band of monks from Calabria in southern Italy arrived in the vicinity of the Ardennes Forrest, part of Godfroi de Bouillon's domains. According to Gérard de Sède this band of monks was led by an individual called Ursus—a name the 'Prieuré documents' consistently associate with the Merovingian bloodline... [A]t Orval, not far from Stenay, where Dagobert II had been assassinated some five hundred years earlier...an abbey was established to house the monks... By 1108 they had mysteriously disappeared... Orval, by 1131, had become one of the fiefs owned by Saint Bernard...     "In 1188 the Ordre de Sion is...said to have modified its name, adopting the one which has allegedly obtained to the present—the Prieuré de Sion. As a kind of subtitle it is said to have adopted the curious name 'Ormus.' This subtitle was supposedly used until 1306—a year before the arrest of the French Templars. The device for 'Ormus'...involves a kind of acrostic or anagram which combines a number of key words and symbols. Ours means 'bear' in French—Ursus in Latin, an echo, as subsequently became apparent, of Dagobert II and the Merovingian dynasty. Orme is French for 'elm.' Or, of course, is 'gold.' And the M that forms the frame enclosing the other letters is not only an M but also the astrological sign for Virgo—connoting, in the language of medieval iconography, Notre Dame...     ""...mysterious Abbey of Orval...[is] where our research suggested the Prieuré de Sion may have had its inception." (31:113,122) The signature of the Prieuré de Sion incorporated the sign of Virgo [c] with the four letters ORUS, which stood for Horus, in the form of a cross: "...consider the device of the Priory of SION, namely, the name Ormus, and its glyph. The glyph is as follows: ORcUS. [note, for older browsers: this is OR + Virgo Sign + US, the Virgo Sign in the standard font, "Wingdings"] "What is this? Ormus, that is, Virgo and ORUS. What is ORUS? ORUS is a corrupted form of Horus, and is used in Crowley's 5th Degree Ritual for the OTO. His Rose-Croix ritual includes an analysis of the Keyword, much like in the Golden Dawn Adeptus Minor Ceremony, only IAO stands not for ISIS, APOPHIS, and OSIRIS, but IACCHUS, ASI, and ORUS." (937) According to Holy Blood, Holy Grail, Ormus evolved into the Order of the Prieuré de Sion of the Rosy Cross: "One is intended to see in Ormus the origins of the so-called Rose-Croix, or Rosicrucians. And in 1188 the Prieuré de Sion is said to have adopted a second subtitle in addition to Ormus. It is said to have called itself L'Ordre de la Rose-Croix Veritas... Ormus...[was] the name allegedly adopted by the Prieuré de Sion between 1188 and 1307." - 31:123,185 Charles Nodier, Grand Master of the Prieuré de Sion from 1801-1884, averred that this secret order presided over a global network of secret societies: "There are a great many secret societies in operation, Nodier declares. But there is one, he adds, that takes precedence over all others, that in fact presides over all others. According to Nodier this 'supreme' secret society is called the Philadelphes. At the same time, however, he speaks of 'the oath which forbids me to make them known under their social name.' Nevertheless there is a hint of Sion..." (31:152) In 1099, the Merovingian Jews in collusion with Pope Urban II, also a Merovingian, launched the First Crusade. An article titled The Merovingian Infiltration of the Christian World Through Monasticism confirms what we have long suspected, that Urban was not the first Merovingian pope, but the 6th in a succession of French Merovingian popes beginning in 999 A.D. “1088: Urban II, French Prior of Cluny (Reformed Benedictines) becomes the pope. Urban was of the 'Eudes' family, not only the name of the King of the Franks, Eudes, who ruled 888 to 898 and considered one of the antecedent kings of the Capetian House of France, but also the name of the Royal Capetian line of Burgundy, great grandson of Hugh Capet, Eudes I the RED of Burgundy who acceded 1079, NINE years before Urban (Eudes) became pope. And Eudes the Red acceded in that specific year because his brother, Hugh I of Burgundy, had abdicated to become the Prior of Cluny!  Now something is very amiss here ! Is this just coincidence? Both were sons of Henry of Burgundy who married Sibylle of Barcelona. Henry was son of Robert I of Burgundy, who was the son of Hugh Capet. Barcelona, home of their mother, was part of the Spanish March connected to Septimania and, here too, the Duke of Aquitaine in 1012 was Eudes of Aquitaine ! And Aquitaine and Septimania are extremely significant : “It happens that Septimania (Languedoc) is exactly where the Jesus-Magdalene heresy flourished, and where there was a large population of Cathar Jews who were given independent status by Pepin, Carolingian King. Thence their own kings ruled as: 'seed of the Royal House of David', each acknowledged as 'King of the Jews', most famous of whom was Guillem de Gellone, the Prince of Orange. Confusing this issue, these kings also claimed to be of Merovingian descent ; but not confusing when one realizes that Jesus was of the House of David and Mary Magdalene was from the town Magdala, 4 miles from Tiberius, founded by Herod Antipas, who was an Edomite descendant of Esau with whom Benjaminites married. Additionally, Absolom, David’s son, who pulled a coup d’etat on his own father in an attempt to take his throne, had a rebel following who would have joined the Benjaminite cause. Absalom died when his long hair got caught in branches in the forest during the Coup. (2 Sam:18:9) And the Merovingians, first Dynasty of French kings, were the Long Haired Kings!! “The details of the separate kingdom of Septimania were erased from history books; but the descendant bloodlines were apparently the 'heretical Royal Bloodlines' as : Dukes of Aquitaine, Dukes of Lorraine, Dukes of Guise; Counts of Barcelona, Counts of Toulouse, Counts of Auvergne; Counts of Razes. (HBHB, pp 368-371) And it was precisely a Duke of Aquitaine who founded Cluny! Thus, Septimania now becomes extremely important, for now Urban II, descendant of the Eudes of Septimania and Cluny Prior, is the pope who will call the first Crusades resulting in the crowning of a direct lineal descendant of Guillem de Gellone, named Godfroi de Bouillon, Duke of Lorraine, as King of Jerusalem!  Aquitaine is so-named on maps of Second Century Roman Empire and comprised then, the whole area from Languedoc, South France, to Poitou and Anjou. Septimania was the area that was later known as the Languedoc.” The pretext for the First Crusade—recovery of the Temple treasures and sacred sites—concealed the real motive of the Merovingians, which was to rebuild the ancient Temple of Solomon. In Chapter XXX, “Knight Kadosh” of Morals and Dogma, Albert Pike wrote of the Crusader Knights of the Temple: "In 1118, nine Knights Crusaders in the East, among whom were Geoffroi de Saint-Omer and Hugues de Payens, consecrated themselves to religion, and took an oath between the hands of the Patriarch of Constantinople, a See always secretly or openly hostile to that of Rome from the time of Photius. The avowed objective of the Templars was to protect the Christians who came to visit the Holy Places: their secret object was the re-building of the Temple of Solomon on the model prophesied by Ezekiel. "This re-building, formally predicted by the Judaizing Mystics of the earlier ages, had become the secret dream of the Patriarchs of the Orient. The Temple of Solomon, re-built and consecrated to the Catholic worship would become, in effect, the Metropolis of the Universe; the East would prevail over the West, and the Patriarchs of Constantinople would possess themselves of the Papal power. "The Templars, or Poor Fellow-Soldiery of the Holy House of the Temple intended to be rebuilt, took as their models, in the Bible, the Warrior-Masons of Zorobabel, who worked, holding the sword in one hand and the trowel in the other. Therefore it was that the Sword and the Trowell were the insignia of the Templars, who subsequently, as will be seen, concealed themselves under the name of Brethren Masons. [This name, Freres Macons in the French, adopted by way of secret reference to the Builders of the Second Temple, was corrupted in English into Free-Masons, as Pythagore de Crotone was into Peter Gower of Groton in England. Khairum or Khur-um, (a name mis-rendered into Hiram) from an artificer in brass and other metals, became the Chief Builder of the Haikal Kadosh, the Holy House, of the Temple,... and the words Bonai and Banaim yet appear in the Masonic Degrees, meaning Builder and Builders.] "The trowel of the Templars is quadruple, and the triangular plates of it are arranged in the form of a cross, making the Kabalistic pantacle known by the name of the Cross of the East. The Knight of the East, and the Knight of the East and West, have in their titles secret allusions of whom they were at first the successors." A secondary objective of the Knights Templar may have been to deposit the Merovingian "Holy Grail" cache at Jerusalem. These artifacts will probably be "discovered" in the future as "proof" of Merovingian claims of their "divine" blood.  In The Second Messiah, authors Christopher Knight and Robert Lomas identify the Merovingian families which conspired with the Merovingian pope—truly a Jewish fifth column within the Catholic Church—to recapture the Holy Land:     "The picture that was emerging was of a group of European noble families, descended from the Jewish lines of David and Aaron, who had escaped from Jerusalem shortly before, or possible even just after, the fall of the Temple.  They had passed down the knowledge of the artifacts concealed within the Temple to a chosen son...of each family.  Some of the families involved were the Counts of Champagne, Lords of Gisors, Lords of Payen, Counts of Fontaine, Counts of Anjou, de Bouillon, St. Clairs of Roslin, Brienne, Joinville, Chaumont, St Clair de Gisor, St Clair de Neg and the Hapsburgs...     "By 1095, the members of the Rex Deus families group were almost certainly fully Christianised, yet each of them must have had at least one male member who held the traditional history of their high-born Jewish roots close to his heart. No doubt they saw themselves as 'super-Christians', descendants of the very first Church, and privy to the greatest secret this side of heaven. They were a silent elite — 'the kings of God'.     "Indeed, the history books record that [Pope Urban II's] leadership marked the papacy's assumption of the leadership of Western Christendom...     "If the Rex Deus group did exist, it is easy to see how the First Crusade provided these families with a 'God-given' opportunity to return to their Holy Temple to recover the treasure that was their birthright - and it would be done at exactly the same time that the Jewish writer of the Gospel of John the Divine had predicted! The Rex Deus families were at the forefront of the First, and every Crusade. Medieval scholars have long wondered why it should be that the same families drove all of the Crusades for their entire duration, and now we had a possible answer.     "Once the Christian armies had secured Jerusalem, the non-Rex Deus leaders were quickly removed and the families infiltrated the Jerusalem monarchy and the Church, to ensure that they would not be blocked in the holy endeavor of the 'Kings of God' to regain what their ancestors had left for them...     "...in 1114...[the Rex Deus group] told Baldwin [King of Jerusalem] that they wanted to post a small contingent of knights in Jerusalem to carry out some exploratory digging under the pretext of being...guardians of the highways for pilgrims... Unfortunately, the king was not persuaded... In 1118, Baldwin I died at the age of sixty (presumably of natural causes) and his cousin was rapidly crowned King Baldwin II of Jerusalem. Within weeks, nine French knights were camped on the site of Herod's stables... The world was told their mission was to save the Christian pilgrims from the evil Muslim bandits, but their true mission was to locate and rescue the scrolls and treasures of the Jerusalem Church." (96:79-83) In his book Behold a Pale Horse, William Cooper stated that the real treasure the Templars absconded with was not the Temple artifacts, but relics pertaining to Jesus Christ, including His bones!  We wondered for some time how Cooper knew this.  Not only did William Cooper claim to know what the relics of Jesus are, but where they are hidden. Underlying Cooper's belief in this heresy is his rejection of the death, resurrection and ascension of Jesus Christ: "One of the greatest secrets of the ages is the true story of the Holy Grail, the robe of Jesus, the remains of the Cross of Crucifixion, and whether Jesus actually died or if he survived and produced a child. Many myths surround the Knights Templar concerning these relics, and most myths throughout history have at least some basis in fact. If my sources are correct, the Knights Templar survive today as a branch of the Illuminati and guard the relics, which are hidden in a location known only to them... "According to members of the intelligence community, when the New World Order is solidified the relics will be taken out, will be united with the Spear of Destiny, and will, according to legend, give the world's ruler absolute power. This may confirm beliefs passed down through the ages that describe the significance of these relics when united in the hands of one man. It may also explain Hitler's desperate search for their hiding place during World War II. Again I must remind you that it makes not one iota of difference what you believe. If they believe, you will be affected. "The Knights Templar were founded sometime during the 11th century in Jerusalem by the Prieuré de Sion for the express purpose of guarding the remaining relics of Jesus and to provide military protection for the religious travelers during their pilgrimage to the Holy Land. "The Prieuré de Sion was a religious order founded upon Mount Sion in Jerusalem. The Order set for itself the goal of preserving and recording the bloodline of Jesus and the House of David. Through every means available to them, the Prieuré de Sion had found and retrieved the remaining relics. I am amazed at the authors of Holy Blood, Holy Grail and the information that they have unearthed. Most of all I am amazed at their inability to put the puzzle together. The treasure hidden in France is not the treasure of the Temple of Jerusalem. It is the Holy Grail itself, the robe of Jesus, the last remaining pieces of the Cross of Crucifixion, and, according to my sources, someone's bones. I can tell you that the reality of the bones will shake the world to its very foundations if I have been told the truth. The relics are hidden in France. I know the location and so do the authors of Holy Blood, Holy Grail, but they do not know that they know—or do they?" (Behold a Pale Horse, 51:75-6) Behold a Pale Horse, Holy Blood, Holy Grail and the multitude of Grail publications all claim that the future revelation of the treasure of Rennes le Chateau, the French village where the Prieuré de Sion deposited the Templars' Grail cache, will be the undoing of Christianity.  The Prieuré obviously plans to produce, i.e. manufacture, relics which would disprove the divinity of Jesus Christ. A French website maintains that this is the famed secret of Rennes le Chateau: "...that the treasure of Rennes is not material but that it contains the formal proof that the crucifixion did not take place and that Jesus was still alive in the year 45 (?!?!?). Source of this priest: another priest Anglican, Gun Alfred Leslie Lilley, died in 1940, which had contacts with the modernistic catholic movement (based at the beginning with St-Sulpice), like with Emile Hoffet." (948) Meanwhile, back in Europe, "The legendary origin of so many statuettes in the baggage trains of returning crusaders, especially when they happened to be Templars, [was] no guarantee of the orthodoxy of their cult. That many legends of the period connect the twelfth-century Black Virgins with an earlier miraculous origin dating from the Merovingian period raises potentially disquieting religio-political questions." (272:13) During medieval times, the Knights Templar were involved in the financing and otherwise lending support to the building of over 1,000 churches and cathedrals throughout Europe, many in honor of the Black Virgin. Following the dissolution of the Templars in 1307, the Prieuré de Sion carried on quietly mainstreaming the Black Virgin, particularly in France. Laurence Gardner wrote in Bloodline of the Holy Grail of the astrological configuration of the French cathedrals: "In accordance with the Hermetic principle of 'As above, so below', the combined ground-plan of the Notre Dame cathedrals replicates the Virgo constellation... {See The Mysteries of Chartres Cathedral for this configuration.} The 'Notre Dame' cathedrals...were mainly the work of the 'Children of Solomon'—a guild of masons instructed by St. Bernard's Cistercian Order." (29:264, 66)      "The nine Knights were sent out by Bernard the Cistercian; gothic was born at Citeaux. The whole gothic formula derives from the Cistercians and the 'Conipagnons des Devoirs'—heirs of the builders of gothic cathedrals—make no mystery that they derive their characteristic 'feature', their descriptive geometry, indispensable for the erection of gothic monuments, from the Cistercian Order.     "1020. This was a notable epoch in Romanesque architecture; the epoch during which Christianity decked itself with 'a display of white churches'; for this was the time when after a labour lasting five centuries the Benedictine abbeys succeeded in constituting a corps, a lay brotherhood of builders, affiliated to the Order, to which they could appeal for protection if necessary.     "After the abbeys, where they trained their workmen, the Benedictines were able to put lay builders at the disposal of the secular church, often under the direction of monastic master-craftsmen...who came to build and teach in Normandy...     "...beneath the aisles and choir of [Chartres Cathedral] called, wrongly, the crypt; a more exact designation would be 'the lower church'. There is a tradition that the builders' guilds, at least 'Children of Solomon', held ceremonies of initiation in this crypt." (Mysteries of Chartres Cathedral926) The Black Virgin was, in reality, Virgo, the Great Mother Goddess known to the Egyptians as Isis, who was christened in Alexandria as Mary Magdalene. According to The Cult of the Black Virgin, the full name of the Prieuré is the Order of the Prieuré Notre Dame de Sion. Former Grand Master of the Prieuré, Pierre Plantard de Saint Clair, has identified Notre Dame as Our Lady of the Light, i.e. Lucifer, the Light-Bearer.     "There exists in France an organization that has been in continuous existence since the twelfth century, that has some features both of an order of chivalry and of a religious order, though it is not quite either; a secret society which does not spurn the right sort of publicity; a political grouping with specific aims that is also interested in ancient esoteric wisdom and hidden mysteries. Its full name is the Order of the Prieuré Notre Dame de Sion, and its chief aim seems always to have been the restoration of the Merovingian blood-line to the throne. It is also passionately concerned with the cult of the Black Virgin and has a remarkable record of equal rights for women...     "The Grand Master of the Prieuré 1981-4, Pierre Plantard, is reported as saying that the Sicambrians, ancestors of the Frankish Merovingians, worshipped Cybele as Diana of the Nine Fires, or as Arduina, the eponymous goddess of the Ardennes. The huge idol to Diana/Arduina which once towered over Carignan, in north-east France, between the Black Virgin sites of Orval, Avioth and Mezièrres, near to Stenay, where the Merovingian king and saint, Dagobert II, was murdered in 679, points circumstantially to a link between the two cults. In this connection Plantard mentions that one of the most important acts of Dagobert, when he acceded to the throne after his Irish exile, was to continue the ancient tradition of Gaul, the worship of the Black Virgin. The Black Virgin, he insists, is Isis and her name is Notre-Dame de Lumière." (Cult of the Black Virgin, 272:14)   As stated by Ean Begg, the raison d'être of the Prieuré de Sion is the restoration of the Merovingian dynasty as the royalty of Europe and eventually to a position of world supremacy.  From this bloodline—whose blasphemous claims of divinity refer to intermarriage between the pre-flood demons and the daughters of men—issued a truly Satanic dynasty of kings. As previously stated, the Merovingians boast that the founder of their dynasty, King Meroveus, a worshiper of the virgin goddess Diana of the Nine Fires, was sired by a 'beast of the sea'—Neptune, god of the sea and founder of Atlantis. According to the author of Bloodline of the Holy Grail: "Despite the carefully listed genealogies of his time, the heritage of Meroveus was strangely obscured in the monastic annals. Although the rightful son of Clodion, he was nonetheless said by the historian Priscus to have been sired by an arcane sea creature, the Bistea Neptunis... The Sicambrian Franks, from whose female line the Merovingians emerged were associated with Grecian Arcadia before migrating to the Rhineland. As we have seen, they called themselves the Newmage — 'People of the New Covenant', just as the Essenes of Qumran had once been known. It was the Arcadian legacy that was responsible for the mysterious sea beast—the Bistea Neptunis— as symbolically defined in the Merovingian ancestry. The relevant sea-lord was King Pallas, a god of old Arcadia... The immortal sea-lord was said to be 'ever-incarnate in a dynasty of ancient kings' whose symbol was a fish - as was the traditional symbol of Jesus." - (29:166,175) And I stood upon the sand of the sea, and saw a beast rise up out of the sea, having seven heads and ten horns, and upon his horns ten crowns, and upon his heads the name of blasphemy. - Rev. 13:1 Not only was Meroveus sired by the sea beast, Neptune, the Merovingian race was sired by the Nephilim—that demonically-bred race of giants which God destroyed in the Flood. That the Merovingian bloodline is associated with the subterranean race that inhabits earth's center (Hell) is confirmed by Dagobert's Revenge, where a review is posted of a book by Kenneth Grant, who was appointed by Aleister 'The Beast' Crowley to succeed him as Grand Master of the Ordo Templi Orientis: "The Nephilim were banished to the center of the earth for disobeying God by mating with the daughters of men and teaching them the 'forbidden' arts. In this publication the Nephilim have been identified as the Fathers of the Merovingians... "...the Merovingian race was sired by a water beast known as the Quinotaur. This Quinotaur took the form of a sea-bull. Crowley's personal seal was of a sea goat. Grant, writing of Crowley's Seal of the Beast, says: 'The beast is the sea-goat or amphibious monster identical with Cthulhu, the Quinotaure or Bull of the Deep.' Grant writes as a footnote; 'The waters under the earth; home of the 'ancestors' or subconscious atavisms of the race.' Is this a reference to the race of the Grail?." (571) It was originally from Cain, whose descendants intermarried with the Nephilim, that the Grail race descended.  Enki, the twin brother of Enlil, is merely an anagram of Cain, whose twin was Abel according to occult belief. "The mortal world spreads east and west and the land of le invisibles lies above and below it in the vertical dimensions of height and depths, north and south, Horus and Set.' This ties in with the Book of Enoch and the Hosts above and the fallen, banished Nephilim below. This also reminds us of the twins or brother gods in Sumeria called Enki and Enlil. Enki, the infernal of the two, represents Set and Enlil represents Horus (although in this context Enlil would also be Osiris.) In ancient mythologies names and stories can be switched and one god can also be an attribute of another. It's best to keep this in mind when studying this type of material. Set kills Osiris as Enki kills Enlil. As it has been shown in another article of this publication, Enki is associated with Cain, and Cain was a very bad boy. Enki was an infernal god that has been identified, in this publication, as siring the Merovingian race. "...Enki has been associated with Set...who is also Satan... "...Writing of the Great Old Ones or Elder Gods from Lovecraftian lore, Grant says, 'The letter M, the key vibration of the plane of the Elder Gods, is represented mythologically as the sea-goat, Makaru or as the crocodile, the beast of the waters.' Couldn't Makaru be a form of Merovee who spawned the Merovingians, and was sired himself from a sea-bull?  Tracy Twyman has already written of the connections between Lovecraft's Necronomicon Mythos and the Merovingians in her article Dead But Dreaming: The Great Old Ones of Lovecraftian Legend Reinterpreted as Sumerian/Atlantean Kings..."  (571)   "The Eye Over the Throne was a hieroglyph used in Egypt and Sumeria to denote the world monarchy of the Atlantean Gods. Since here it is called 'Kingu', obviously he was one of these 'kings', perhaps related etymologically to 'Cain', whose name is the root from which the word 'king' comes, and who is said to be one of the eldest ancestors of the Grail family." (922) According to Blavatsky, after the Flood it was Noah's son, Ham, and his descendants, who preserved and carried on the occult traditions of Cain, including intermarriage with the gods: "The history or 'fables' about the mysterious Telchines—fables echoing each and all the archaic events of our esoteric teachings—furnish us with a key to the origin of Cain's genealogy (Genesis, ch. iii.); they give the reason why the Roman Catholic Church identifies 'the accursed blood' of Cain and Ham with Sorcery, and makes it responsible for the Deluge. Were not the Telchines—it is argued—the mysterious ironworkers of Rhodes; they who were the first to raise statues to the gods, furnish them with weapons, and men with magic arts? And is it not they who were destroyed by a deluge at the command of Zeus, as the Cainites were by that of Jehovah?" (897:391) Dagobert's Revenge recommends Tracy Twyman's "Dead But Dreaming: The Great Old Ones of Lovecraftian Legend Reinterpreted as Sumerian/Atlantean Kings" for information about the Atlantean gods, the Nephilim, who will rise again when the stars are in the right position. According to that informative article, the Nephilim preserved their occult traditions within the oath-bound secret societies which are now programming the younger generation to accept the Grail mythology as true. "The Secret Doctrine given to the elite castes of mankind by the Nephilim or the 'Annunaki', the gods of ancient Sumeria and Atlantis, has been passed down through the ages, not only to the Masons, Templars, Rosicrucians, and other fraternal orders which perpetuate the tradition, but also to the teenage geeks and D & D 'gamers' of today via the [H.P.] Lovecraft/Necronomicon lore, which has given birth to a cornucopia of role-playing and computer games, in much the same way that Monty Python and the Society for Creative Anachronism have kept alive the Grail myth for these same teenagers." (922) Twyman quotes The Necronomian, "a volume written in Damascus in the Eighth Century, A.D., by a person called the 'Mad Arab', Abdul Alhazred... This book, according to the mythos, contains the formulae for evoking incredible things into visible appearance, beings and monsters which dwell in the Abyss, and Outer Space, of the human psyche."  The Necronomicon, or "Book From the Dead" consists of messages from the ancient gods of Lemuria and Atlantis, who foretell that, when the stars are rightly positioned in the heavens, will be the opportune time for performing blood rituals to effect the resurrection of these 'sleeping' gods and their human offspring:     "'There had been eons when other things ruled on the Earth, and they had had great cities. Remains of them, he said the deathless Chinaman had told him, were still to be found as Cyclopean stones on islands in the Pacific. They all died vast epochs of time before man came, but there were arts which could revive them when the stars had come round again to the right positions in the cycle of eternity. They had indeed come themselves from the stars, and brought their images with them.' "Lovecraft, like Enoch, and like ancient man himself, conceived of the ancient Atlantean gods or Nephilim as possessing supernatural power, and, like Enoch, says that this power comes from the stars, that these beings in fact had come from the stars themselves, and seemed to be metaphysically affected by the movement of the stars, being able to resurrect from the dead only when the stars were in a certain position. "Likewise, the Atlantean god-kings purposely associated themselves with the stars and the planets, taking on the personifications of planets and constellations, each of which had a particular 'energy' or 'plain of existence' associated with it. This energy could be further manipulated by the prayers and rituals of the cult members who are loyal to the Great Old Ones, and wish to see their kingdom rise again, in much the same way that Masons, Rosicrucians and other occultists today perform rituals in hope of bringing about the 'Great Work' called the 'New World Order', a new Golden Age just like the one that covered the Antediluvian world when the Atlantean god-kings (whom they revere) ruled over the Earth directly. The Eye in the Pyramid on our dollar bill, which represents the New World Order, is clearly a symbol of this newly-risen kingdom of Atlantis, 'watched over' (as in 'the Watchers') by the All-Seeing Eye, which could just as easily be the eye of Dagon, or Leviathan, or Cthulhu. It even looks reptilian, like it belongs on the face of a dragon.     "The rise of R'lyeh, the New World Order, the New Atlantis, the New Jerusalem, the Golden Age, and even the Apocalypse - these are all terms for the same resurrection of the ancient global kingdom of the gods. Such a resurrection is also described in Aleister Crowley's The Book of the Law when he writes about the coming 'Age of Horus' and the return of the rule of the gods, as well as their offspring, the human 'kings'."  (922) Alice Bailey associated the Grail bloodline with the sign of Virgo: "Virgo itself is a cup-shaped constellation...; in its highest meaning the Holy Grail."  Along with descent from immortal sea beasts, the Prieuré de Sion also alleges to have "incontrovertible proof" of Merovingian descent from Jesus Christ and His continuing bloodline, and has been working to reestablish the power of the Merovingian dynasty, this time over a world kingdom.   However, even Baigent, Leigh and Lincoln have admitted, "while the Merovingian royal blood was credited with a sacred, miraculous, and divine nature, it was not explicitly stated anywhere that this blood was in fact Jesus." Claims of direct descent from Jesus—who is at best another Jesus, Yeshu, an Essene adept who saves by giving gnosis rather than shedding his blood—and Mary Magdalene (the holy grail or womb which bore this other Jesus' children) are merely attempts to Christianize the demonic bloodline which will place Lucifer on the throne of this world. "Writers examining the lives of Christ and Mary Magdalen in search of clues to the Grail mystery have been left with more questions than answers. And those going over the Bible with a fine-toothed comb have come up equally empty-handed. Undoubtedly the reason for this is due to the fact that the Holy Grail has virtually nothing to do with Christianity per se. Christ may have been a key figure in a long line of servants of the Grail, but its legacy is not to be found within the context of the religion founded in his name. Not a single one of the crucial clues relating to the Grail mystery can be satisfactorily explained in terms of orthodox Christianity. Indeed, it would appear that the Grail story was Christianized precisely to conceal a legacy that was wholly unchristian. It is a legacy that goes back to Ia, and the mysterious race of which he was a descendant... "The first king of Sumeria was also the first god of Sumeria. He was a deified king named IA, and he was known as the Lord of the Flood, or Lord of the Deep Waters. The name IA served as the basis of god-names from many other cultures, including (but not limited to) Jah, Ihah, Yahweh, Jove, Jehovah, Allah, Janus, Ianus, Uranus, Ouranos, and... Oannes." (Dagobert's Revenge) 'THE MOTHER PRECEDES THE SON' ...the constellation Virgo, which in fact rises just before the star Arcturus. (Virgo)   And there appeared a great wonder in heaven; a woman clothed with the sun, and the moon under her feet, and upon her head a crown of twelve stars: And she being with child cried, travailing in birth, and pained to be delivered. - Rev. 12:1,2   "Thus, in conclusion, we greet Mary as the great sign in the heavens which precedes the coming of her Son, because the mother always precedes the son. We greet her as the one who at Fatima wanted to bring peace to the world if we fulfilled the demands of her maternal heart... We greet her as the Victor in all the battles of God, and as the Mother of the Church who will bring the Good Friday of the Church to an end and give it a new Easter." - Bishop Rudolph Graber, Fatima Advancing Rapidly Towards Final Fulfillment (929) A New Easter? Of course. The feast of the Mother Goddess, Ishtar. During the Renaissance, that medieval period when the occult traditions flooded Europe from the Mideast, Chartres Cathedral was built on a sacred site in France where ancient Druids worshipped the Mother Goddess. A World Heritage Site famous for its Gothic architecture—and, to the initiated, its thoroughly pagan symbolism—Chartres Cathedral is known to occultists as the 'Golden Book' that reinstated the philosophy of classical Greece in the mainstream of Christian Europe. The cathedral expresses through 'sacred geometry' and astrological symbolism the Gnostic belief that "Man can compass his salvation by means of knowledge", referring to gnosis. Within its massive structure was housed a mystery school which operated as a theological academy for over two centuries. In the underground crypt of the cathedral, initiates worshipped a replica of a Druidic statue known as the 'Virgini Pariturae' or 'the virgin about to give birth'. The Templar Chronicles calls the Virgini Pariturae "the Virgo who must give birth". The statue in the underground chapel was also called Our Lady Under the Earth because the crypt, where initiations took place, was believed to be connected to telluric powers, i.e. the underworld. On the west front of Chartres Cathedral is featured in the tympanum of the right portal—the Gate of Birth—a statue identical to the Virgini Pariturae in the underground chamber. The exterior icon was and still is venerated by the profane masses of Catholics as Mary, the 'Mother of God'. Exoterically the white virgin on the west facade is the Blessed Virgin Mary who gave birth two thousand years ago; but esoterically, she is the black virgin who was still pregnant with child. "The Druid's love of inner journeys and their visions inspired their prophesies about the woman that would bring a saviour into the world. This pregnant woman is the black madonna we often find in medieval shrines throughout  Europe. If the white virgin is the one who has already given birth, the black virgin is the pregnant woman of the druid's vision." (931) The photos below show 'Mary' in a position identical to the other Black Virgins we have seen above—enthroned and with a child on her lap, or rather between her thighs!!  The Gemini figures, representing twins, are difficult to recognize; see the left arch on a level with the twelve apostles. 1122 - Bernhard, later bishop of Lebus launches an unsuccessful mission in the Duchy of Pomerania[80] 1124/28 - Otto von Bamberg succeeds in the Conversion of Pomerania[81] Bishopric of Cammin established in Pomerania in 1140. 1168 - Absalon subdues and converts the Principality of Rügen[82] Chartres Cathedral West Facade, Right Portal, Incarnation of Christ, 1145-55. God before Time. Virgin and Christ Child Enthroned. Throne of Wisdom. Left on arch: Gemini, a sign of the Zodiac The occult symbolism of this most famous of the medieval cathedrals is discussed in the Masonic book, Rosslyn: Guardian of the Secrets of the Holy Grail. According to authors Tim Wallace-Murphy and Marilyn Hopkins, the seven mystical cathedrals of Europe were deliberately founded on Druidic sites dedicated to planetary oracles. There is a prophecy that, when the planets align in the same configuration as the cathedrals, the time of transition into the New Age will have arrived. The sacred site upon which Chartres Cathedral was erected was dedicated by the Druids to the Sun. "The Druids, like most initiatory tribal cultures, woshipped the principle of the Eternal Feminine as the source of all fertility. Julius Caesar describes, in de Bello Gallico, the veneration accorded to a fire-blackened, female figurine which was worshipped at a Druidic sacred grotto at Carnutum, now the modern city of Chartres...—a fertility symbol he called Virgini Pariturae, the virgin about to give birth... It was at Chartres that the Church adopted the veneration of the fire-blackened, Druidic figurine Virgini Pariturae in the guise of the Black Madonna. A medieval replica of the Druidic figure is found in the crypt, which the official guide states categorically was used as an initiation chamber. " (266:49,163) The Virgin portrayed in the west facade of Chartres Cathedral is called the 'Virgini Pariturae', which means "the virgin about to give birth". This statue does not represent Mary or the Biblical concept of womanhood, but the archetypal goddesses of fertility and the 'feminine principle'. Since Chartres was dedicated to the Sun-God, the child of the sculpture is Horus, not Jesus Christ. The following excerpt from Rosslyn reveals how Gnostic occultism engulfed Western Christendom through the occult infiltration of the Roman Church. "The revelations of the ancient mysteries brought about a deep insight into the laws of all natural phenomena, revealing the very unity in nature which is the mainspring of creation, and the importance of the principle of the eternal feminine. To commemorate this heretical and pagan concept, they carved a replica of the Druidic statue 'Virgini Pariturae', the virgin about to give birth, which had been a focus of worship at Chartres in pre-Christian times. To avoid persecution and to enable this powerful symbol to exert its influence the statue was carved in the guise of Mary the Mother of God with the infant Jesus seated on her lap. This symbolic representation of fertility and the archetypal feminine rests in the crypt of Chartres to this day. It is known as Notre-Dame de Sous-Terre—Our Lady Under the Earth. A replica of this figurine was then carved in the place of  honour above the main portal of the cathedral. After many years of theological dispute with the Orthodox Church in the East, Roman Catholicism had at long last stumbled across the perfect answer to the problems posed by the ambiguities inherent in the title 'Mother of God'. In emphasizing Mary's role, the Church was fulfilling a deep and long-felt need among its adherents by importing the pagan principle of the eternal feminine into the previously male-dominated and patriarchal realm of the Holy Trinity. Early Christians had taken up the theology of St. Paul which described Jesus as the 'Second Adam'. They then fell into the theological trap by calling Mary the 'Second Eve', so reviving the old pagan concept of the divine son/spouse relationship as found in the Ishtar and Tammuz cult of ancient Babylonia and in the worship of Isis and Osiris in Pharaonic Egypt. This form of veneration also incorporated the concept of Sophia the goddess of Wisdom. The Church attempted to exert control over this Marian cult in its traditional manner by taking over pre-Christian forms of worship and sacred sites dedicated to various goddesses, renaming them in honour of the Holy Virgin. The symbolism, prayers and litanies associated with Demeter, Cybele, Ishtar and Isis were adopted and given a Christian veneer. (266:87-89) Wallace-Murphy and Ms. Hopkins credit the Merovingian infiltrators for the stunning success of Mariolotry in Roman Catholicism: "It is ironic that Mariolotry, one of the major and most pervasive aspects of modern Catholicism, should have been further strengthened by the spiritual understanding of hidden initiates in the Middle Ages." (266:89) 1200 - The Bible is now available in 22 different languages 1210 - Franciscan Order established [83]                                                                                                                                                        1216 - Dominican Order established [84] 1219 - Francis of Assisi presents the Gospel to the Sultan of Egypt [85] 1227 - Prince Bort converted and baptized in the Ukraine [86] 1244 - Christians are reported in Lithuania with King Mindaugas being baptized in 1251 [87] 1253 - Franciscan William of Rubruck begins his journey to the Mongols [88] 1266 - Mongol leader Khan sends Marco Polo's father and uncle, Niccolo and Matteo Polo, back to Europe with a request to the Pope to send 100 Christian missionaries (only two responded and one died before reaching Mongol territory) [89] 1276 - Ramon Llull opens training center to send missionaries to North Africa [90] 1291 - Appointment of first indigeneous bishop in Finland [91] 1294 - Franciscan Giovanni di Monte Corvino arrives in China [92   The pagan principle of the eternal feminine asserts that the Mother Goddess ruled over the first age of earth, corresponding to Lemuria, which supposedly achieved the highest level of civilization ever known to man. It is the same Gnostic principle which Bishop Graber and the present Pope fundamentally espouse, viz., that the divine feminine, masquerading as Mary, chronologically preceded and therefore gave divine life to her Son. As previously stated, one significant outcome of the Nestorian heresy was to give priority to the Mother Goddess, the pagan feminine archetype, over her Son. There are, however, esoteric connotations in Bishop Graber's statement, which only the initiated fully understand. "...we greet Mary as the great sign in the heavens which precedes the coming of her Son..." Although Roman Catholics perceive this apparition as a visitation of Mary, the mother of Jesus, New Agers recognize the many occult phenomena which attended the solar event at Fatima. According to a published eye-witness account of the Fatima apparition, the sun took on the appearance of a solar disk, an ancient occult symbol of the sun. (See solar disk symbol and explanation.)1303 - Arnold of Cologne arrives in China to assist Giovanni di Monte Corvino [93]   On Friday, October 13 in the year 1307 A.D., the Knights Templars were arrested by King Philip IV of France in collusion with Pope Clement V.1321 - Jordanus, a Dominican monk, arrives in India as the first resident Roman Catholic missionary [94] 1322 - Odoric of Pordenone, a Franciscan monk from Italy, arrives in China 1323 - Franciscans make contacts on Sumatra, Java, and Borneo[68] 1326 - Chaghatayid Khan Ilchigedai grants permission for a church to be built in Samarkand, Uzbekistan[16] 1329 - Nicaea falls to Muslim Ottoman Turks [95] 1334 - Chaghatayid Khan Buzun allows Christians to rebuild churches and permits Franciscans to establish a missionary episcopate in Almaliq, Azerbaijan[16] 1368 - Collapse of the Franciscan mission in China as Ming Dynasty abolishes Christianity 1379 - Stephen of Perm travels north toward the White Sea and settles as a missionary among the Finno-Ugric speaking Komi peoples living between Pechora and Vychegda Rivers at Ust-Vim [96] 1382 - Bible translated into English from Latin by John Wycliff [97] 1386 - Jogaila (baptized - Wladyslaw II), king of the Lithuanians, is baptized[68] 1389 - Large numbers of Christians march through the streets of Cairo, denouncing Islam and lamenting that they had abandoned the religion of their fathers from fear of pesecution. They were beheaded, both men and women, and a fresh persecution of Christians followed [98] 1400 - Scriptures translated into Icelandic[68] 1400 - Scriptures translated into Icelandic[68] See also: Christianity in the 15th century 1408 - Spanish Dominican Vincent Ferrer begins a ministry in Italy in which it is said that thousands of Jews and Muslims were won to faith in Christ [99] 1410 - Bible is translated into Hungarian[68] 1420 - Franciscan missionaries accompany Portuguese expedition to Madeira[100] 1431 - Franciscan missionaries accompany Portuguese expedition to the Azores[100] 1435 - Forced conversion of Jews in Palma de Mallorca, Spain [101] 1445 - First Christians reported in Guinea Bissau[68] 1448 - First Christians reported in Mauritania 1450 - Franscian missionaries accompany Portuguese expedition to the Cape Verde Islands[100] 1453 - Constantinople falls to the Muslim Ottoman Turks who make it their capital. An Islamic service of thanksgiving is held in the church of Saint Sophia [102] 1455 - With the bull Romanus Pontifex the patronage of missions in new countries behind Cape Bojador is given to the Portuguese. 1462 - Johannes Gutenberg begins printing the Bible with his movable-type printing process; Pope Pius II assigns the evangelization of the Portuguese Guinea Coast of Africa to the Franciscans led by Alfonso de Bolano[103] 1485 - After having come into contact with the Portuguese, the King of Benin requests that a church be planted in his kingdom[103] 1486 - Dominicans become active in West Africa, notably among the Wolof people in Senegambia. 1489 - Baptism of Wolof king Behemoi in Senegal [104] 1491 - The Congo sees its first group of missionaries arrive.[105] Under the ministry of these Franciscan and Dominican priests, the king would soon be baptized and a church built at the royal capital. 1492 - Birth of the church in Angola The story of the slaves in America begins with Christopher Columbus. His voyage to America was not financed by Queen Isabella, but by Luis de Santangelo, who advanced the sum of 17,000 ducats (about 5,000 pounds-today equal to 50,000 pounds) to finance the voyage, which began on August 3, 1492. Columbus was accompanied by five 'maranos' (Jews who had foresworn their religion and supposedly became Catholics), Luis de Torres, interpreter, Marco, the surgeon, Bemal, the physician, Alonzo de la Calle and Gabriel Sanchez (1). Gabriel Sanchez, abetted by the other four Jews, sold Columbus on the idea of capturing 500 Indians and selling them as slaves in Seville, Spain, which was done. Columbus did not receive any of the money from the sale of the slaves, but he became the victim of a conspiracy fostered by Bemal, the ship's doctor. He, Columbus, suffered injustice and imprisonment as his reward. Betrayed by the five maranos (Jews) whom he had trusted and helped. This, ironically, was the beginning of slavery in the Americas (2). The Jews were expelled from Spain on August 2, 1492, and from Portugal in 1497. Many of these Jews emigrated to Holland, where they set up the Dutch West Indies Company to exploit the new world.   The first Jew to begin trading with the Indians was Hayman Levy, who imported cheap glass beads, textiles, earrings, armbands and other cheap adornments from Holland which were traded for valuable fur pelts. Hayman Levy was soon joined by Jews Nicholas Lowe and Joseph Simon. Lowe conceived the idea of trading rum and whiskey to the Indians and set up a distillery in Newport, where these two liquors were produced. Within a short time there were 22 distilleries in Newport, all of them owned by Jews, manufacturing and distributing 'firewater.' The story of the debauching of the Indians with its resultant massacres of the early settlers, is a dramatic story in itself   1493 - Pope Alexander VI commands Spain to colonize the New World with Catholic missions; Christopher Columbus takes Christian priests with him on his second journey to the New World 1494 - First missionaries arrive in Dominican Republic 1495 - The head of a convent in Seville, Spain, Mercedarian Jorge, makes a trip to the West Indies. 1496 - First Christian baptisms in the New World take place when Guaticaba along with other members of his household are baptized on the island of Hispaniola [106] 1497 - Forced conversion of Jews in Portugal[107] 1498 - First Christians are reported in Kenya 1499 - Portuguese Augustinian missionaries arrive at Zanzibar. Their mission will end in 1698 due to the Oman-Arab conquest.   1500 - Franciscans enter Brazil with Cabral[100] 1501 - Pope Alexander VI grants to the crown of Spain all the newly-discovered countries in the Americas, on condition that provision be made for the religious instruction of the native populations 1502 - Bartolome de Las Casas, who will later become an ardent defender of the indigenous peoples of the Americas, goes to Cuba. For his military services there he will be given an encomienda, an estate that included the services of the Indigenous Peoples of the Americas living on it. 1503 - Mar Elijah, Patriarch of the East Syrian church, sends three missionaries "to the islands of the sea which are inside Java and to China."[108] 1506 - Mission work begun in Mozambique[107] 1508 - Franciscans begin evangelizing in Venezuela[109] 1509 - First church building constructed on Puerto Rico[107] 1510 - Dominicans begin work in Haiti [55] 1511 - Martin de Valencia came to believe that Psalm 58 prophesied the conversion of all unbelievers. While reflecting on the Scripture passage, he asked, "When will this be? When will this prophecy be filled . . . we are already in the afternoon, at the end of our days, and the world's final era." Later that same week, while reading aloud from the prophet Isaiah, he reportedly saw a vision of vast multitudes being converted and baptised. He began to pray to be chosen to preach and convert all heathen. He would die 20 years later as a missionary to Mexico.[110] 1512 - Dominican missionary Antonio de Montesino returns to Spain to try to convince King Ferdinand that all is not as it should be in the new western colonies. He reported that on the islands of Hispaniola (now Dominican Republic and Haiti) and Cuba, the indigeneous peoples were rapidly dying out under the system of slavery used by the colonists. 1513 - In Cuba, Bartolome de Las Casas is ordained (possibly the first ordination in the New World). Soon thereafter, Las Casas will renounce all claims to his Indian serfs 1514 - Franciscans begin missionary work in California 1515 - Portuguese missionary Francisco Álvares is sent on a diplomatic mission to Dawit II, the Negus or Emperor of Abyssinia (an old name for Ethiopia) 1515 - Portuguese missionaries begin work in Benin, Nigeria[111] 1516 - First Christian church built in Benin, Nigeria 1516 - Three Franciscans are killed by cannibals in northeastern South America, in the area of Colombia and Venezuela[citation needed] 1517 - The Mughal Rulers of Delhi opened the door of Bengal to Christian missionaries[112] 1518 - Don Henrique, son of the king of the Congo, is consecrated by Pope Leo X as the first indigenous bishop from sub-Saharan Black Africa [113] 1519 - Two Franciscans accompany Hernán Cortés in his expedition to Mexico[114] 1520 - German missionary Maximilian Uhland, also known as Bernardino de San Jose, goes to Hispaniola with the newly appointed Bishop Alessandro Geraldini. 1521 - Pope Leo X grants Franciscan Francis Quiñones permission and faculties to go as a missionary to the New World together with Juan Clapión 1522 - Portuguese missionaries establish presence on coast of Sri Lanka and begin moving inland in the wake of Portuguese military units 1523 - Martin Luther writes a missionary hymn based on Psalm 67, May God Bestow on Us His Grace. It has been called "the first missionary hymn of Protestantism." [115] 1524 - Martin de Valencia goes to New Spain with 12 Franciscan friars 1525 - Italian Franciscan missionary Giulio Zarco is sent to Michoacán on the western coast of Mexico where he will become very proficient in some of the indigeneous languages 1526 - Franciscans enter Florida;[116] Twelve Dominican friars arrive in the Mexican capital 1527 - Martyrs' Synod — organized by Anabaptists, it is the first Protestant missionary conference 1528 - Franciscan missionary Juan de Padilla arrives in Mexico. He will accompany Coronado's expedition searching for the Seven Cities and eventually settle among the Quivira (now called the Wichita)[117] 1529 - Franciscan Peter of Ghent writes from Latin America that he and a colleague had baptized 14,000 people on one day [118] 1530 - In his On Translating: An Open Letter, Martin Luther lays out some principles of correct Bible translating[119] 1531 - Franciscan Juan de Padilla begins a series of missionary tours among Indian tribes southeast of Mexico City [17] 1532 - Evangelization of Peru begins when missionaries arrive with Francisco Pizzaro's military expedition[107] 1533 - The Pechenga Monastery is founded in the Extreme North of Russia to preach Gospel to the Sami people; Augustinian order arrives in Mexico; First Christian missionaries arrive in Tonkin, what is now Vietnam[120] 1534 - The entire caste of Paravas on the Coromandel Coast are baptized -- perhaps 20,000 people in all [121] 1535 - German Franciscan missionary Maximilian Uhland (also called Bernardino de San Jose) speaks before the Sacred Congregation of the Propagation of the Faith about the wretched condition of Indigenous peoples of America in the New World 1536 - Northern Italian Anabaptist missionary Hans Oberecker is burned at the stake in Vienna, Austria[122] 1537 - Pope Paul III orders that the Indigenous peoples of the Americas of the New World be brought to Christ "by the preaching of the divine word, and with the example of the good life."[100] 1538 - Franciscans enter Paraguay[114] 1539 - The Pueblos of what is now the U.S. Southwest are encountered by Spanish Franciscan missionary Marcos de Niza 1540 - Franciscans arrive in Trinidad and are killed by cannibals 1541 - Franciscans begin establishing missions in California 1542 - Francis Xavier goes to Portuguese colony of Goa in West India;[123] Franciscans reach what is now New Mexico [124] 1543 - Anabaptist Menno Simons leaves the Netherlands and begins planting churches in Germany[125] 1544 - Franciscan Andrés de Olmos, a veteran missionary in Mexico, struck northward into the Texas wilderness. After gathering a group of Indian converts, he will lead them back into Tamaulipas 1545 - Testifying to the power that letters back home from missionaries have had, Antonio Araoz writes about Francis Xavier: "No less fruit has been obtained in Spain and Portugal through his letters than has been obtained in the Indies through his teaching."[126] 1546 - Francis Xavier travels to the Indonesian islands of Morotai, Ambon, and Ternate 1547 - Wealthy Spaniard Juan Fernández becomes a Jesuit. He will wind up in Japan as a missionary. 1548 - Francis Xavier founds the College of the Holy Name of God in Baçaim on the northwest coast of India 1549 - Dominican Luis Cancer, who had worked among the Mayans of Guatemala and Mexico, lands at Tampa Bay, Florida with two companions. They are immediately killed by the Calusa within sight of the ship from which they had disembarked.[127] 1550 - Printed Scriptures are available in 28 languages[107] 1551 - Dominican Jerome de Loaysa founds the National University of San Marcos in Lima (Peru) as well as a hospital for indigeneous peoples 1552 - Jesuit missionary Francis Xavier dies awaiting admission to China [128] 1553 - Portuguese missionaries build a church in Malacca Town, Malaysia 1554 - 1,500 converts to Christianity are reported in Siam (now called Thailand)[107] 1555 - John Calvin sends Huguenots to Brazil[129] 1556 - Dominican Gaspar da Cruz arrives in Guangzhou, China [130] 1557 - Jesuit bishop André de Oviedo arrives in Ethiopia with five priests to convert the local Ethiopian Christians to Catholicism.[131] 1558 - The Kabardian duke Saltan Idarov converts to Orthodox Christianity 1559 - Missionary Vilela settles in Kyoto, Japan 1560 - Goncalo da Silveira, a Portuguese Jesuit missionary, visited the Munhumutapa Empire, where he rapidly made converts 1562 - Diego de Landa burns the libraries of the Maya civilization [132] 1563 - Jesuit missionary Luis Frois, who will later write a history of Jesuit activity in Japan, arrives in that country; Omura Sumitada becomes the first daimyo (feudal landholder) to convert to Christianity 1564 - Legaspi begins Augustinian work in Philippine Islands[133][134] 1565 - Jesuits arrive in Macau. 1566 - The first Jesuit to enter what is now the United States, Pedro Martinez, is clubbed to death by fearful Indians on the sands of Fort George Island, Florida 1567 - Missionaries Jeronimo da Cruz and Sebastiao da Canto, both Dominicans, arrive at Ayutthaya, Thailand 1568 - In the Philippines, Diego de Herrera baptizes Chieftain Tupas of Cebu and his son 1569 - Jeronimo da Cruz is murdered along with two newly-arrived missionaries 1570 - Ignacio Azevedo and 39 other Jesuit missionaries are killed by pirates near Palma, one of the Canary Islands, while on their way to Brazil 1571 - Capuchin friars of the 'Strict Observance' arrive on the island of Trinidad with conquistador Don Juan Ponce of Seville. 1572 - Jesuits arrive in Mexico 1573 - Large-scale evangelization of the Florida Indian nations and tribes begins with the arrival of Franciscan friars; Augustinian order enters Ecuador 1574 - Augustinian Guillermo de Santa Maria writes a treatise on the illegitimacy of the war the Spanish government was waging against the Chichimeca in the Mexican state of Michoacán 1575 - Church building constructed in Kyoto. Built in Japanese architectural style, it was popularly called the "temple of the South Barbarians" 1577 - Dominicans enter Mozambique and penetrate inland, burning Muslim mosques as they go[135] 1578 - King of Spain orders the bishop of Lima not to confer Holy Orders on mestizos 1579 - Jesuit Alessandro Valignano arrives in Japan where, as "Visitor of Missions", he formulates a basic strategy for Catholic proselytism in that country. Valignano's adaptationism attempted to avoid cultural frictions by covering the gap between certain Japanese customs and Roman Catholic values.[136] 1580 - Japanese Daimyo (feudal landholder) Arima Harunobu becomes Christian and takes the name Protasio 1581 - Luis de Valdivia becomes a Jesuit. After finishing his studies, he will be sent to Peru 1582 - Jesuits, with Matteo Ricci as the pioneer, begin mission work in China, introduce Western science, mathematics, astronomy [137] 1583 - Five Jesuit missionaries—Rudolph Acquaviva, Peter Berno, Francis Aranha, Alphonsus Pacheco and Anthony Francisco—are murdered near Goa (India) 1584 - Matteo Ricci and a Chinese scholar translate a catechism into Chinese under the title Tian Zhu Shi Lu（天主實録） (A True Account of God) 1585 - Carmelite leader Jerome Gracian meets with Martin Ignatius de Loyola, a Franciscan missionary from China. The two sign a vinculo de hermandad misionera -- a bond of missionary brotherhood—by which the two orders would collaborate in missionary work in Ethiopia, China, the Philippines, and the East and West Indies. 1586 - Portuguese missionary Joao dos Santos reports that locals kill elephants to protect their crops in Sofala, Mozambique. 1587 - All foreigners ordered out of Japan; Manteo becomes the first American Indian to be baptized by the Church of England 1588 - A Dominican missionary arrives in the Philippines 1589 - Francis Solano (or Solanus) goes to Peru as a missionary 1590 - A book by Belgian pastor Hadrian à Saravia has a chapter arguing that the Great Commission is still binding on the church today because the Apostles did not fulfill it completely [138] 1591 - First Roman Catholic church built in Trinidad; First Chinese admitted as members of the Jesuit order 1593 - The Franciscans arrive in Japan and establish St. Anna's hospital in Kyoto 1594 - First Jesuit missionaries arrive in Pakistan 1595 - Dutch East India Company chaplains expand their ministry beyond the European expatriates [139] 1596 - Jesuit missionaries travel across the island of Samar in the Philippines to establish mission centers on the eastern side 1597 - Twenty-six Japanese Christians are crucified for their faith by General Toyotomi Hideyoshi in Nagasaki, Japan.[140] By 1640, thousands of Japanese Christians will have been martyred. 1598 - Spanish missionaries push north from Mexico into what is now the state of New Mexico . 1599 - Jesuit Francisco Fernandez goes to what is now the Jessore District of Bangladesh and, with the permission of Maharaja Pratapaditya, builds a church there.                                                                                                                                                                 .                                                        1601 - First ordination of Japanese priests 1602 - Chinese scientist and translator Xu Guangqi is baptized 1603 - The Jesuit Mission Press in Japan commences publication of a Japanese- Portuguese dictionary 1604 - Jesuit missionary Abbè Jessè Flèchè arrives at Port Royal, Nova Scotia 1605 - Roberto de Nobili goes to India[141] 1606 - Japanese Shogun Tokugawa Ieyasu bans Christianity 1607 - Missionary Juan Fonte establishes the first Jesuit mission among the Tarahumara in the Sierra Madre Mountains of Northwest Mexico 1608 - A missionary expedition into the Ceará area of Brazil fails when the Tacariju kill the Jesuit leader 1609 - Missionary Nicolas Trigault goes to China; he will soon publish Ricci's journals in Europe[142] 1610 - Chinese mathematician and astronomer Li Zhizao is baptized [143] 1611 - Two Jesuits begin work among Mi'kmaq Indians of Nova Scotia[116] 1612 - Jesuits found a mission for the Abenakis in Maine[116] 1613 - Missionary Alvarus de Semedo goes to China 1614 - Anti-Christian edicts issued in Japan] with over 40,000 Christians being massacred[144] 1615 - French missionaries in Canada open schools in Trois-Rivières and Tadoussac to teach First Nations children with the hopes of converting them 1616 - Nanjing Missionary Case in which the clash between Chinese practice of ancestor worship and Catholic doctrine ends in the deportation of foreign missionaries. Missionary Johann Adam Schall von Bell arrives in China 1617 - Portuguese missionary Francisco de Pina arrives in Vietnam 1618 - Portuguese Carmelites go from Persia to Pakistan to establish a church in Thatta (near Karachi) 1619 - Dominican missionaries found the University of St. Tomas in the Philippine islands 1619: the Dutch begin the slave trade between Africa and America 1620 - Carmelites enter Goa[145] 1621 - The Augustinians establish themselves in Chittagong 1622 - Pope Gregory VI founds the Sacred Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith. This becomes the major Papal agency for coordinating and directing missionary work [146] 1623 - A stone monument (Nestorian Stele) is unearthed in Xi'an (Si-ngan-fu), China. Its inscription, written by a Syrian monk almost a thousand years earlier and in both Chinese characters and Persian script, begins with the words, "Let us praise the Lord that the [Christian] faith has been popular in China"; it told of the arrival of a missionary, A-lo-pen (Abraham), in AD 625. Alvaro Semedo and other Jesuits soon publicize the stele's discovery in Europe. 1624 - Persecution intensifies in Japan with 50 Christians being burned alive in Edo (now called Tokyo) 1625 - Vietnam expels missionaries[147] 1626 - After entering Japan in disguise, Jesuit missionary Francis Pacheco is captured and executed at Nagasaki [148] 1627 - Alexander de Rhodes goes to Vietnam where in three years of ministry he baptizes 6,700 converts[144] 1628 - Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples established in Rome to train "native clergy" from all over the world 1629 - Franciscan missionary Alonzo Benavides founds Santa Clara de Capo on the border of Apache Indian country in what is now New Mexico 1630 - An attempt is made in the El Paso, Texas area to establish a mission among the Mansos Indians 1631 - Dutch missionary Abraham Rogerius (anglicized as Roger), who authored Open Door to the Secrets of Heathendom, begins 10 years of ministry among the Tamil people in the Dutch colony of Pulicat near Madras, India [149] 1632 - Zuni Indians murder a group of Franciscan missionaries who had three years earlier established the first mission to the Zunis at Hawikuh in what is now New Mexico 1633 - Emperor Fasilides expels the Jesuit missionaries in Ethiopia; the German Lutheran Church sends Peter Heyling as the first Protestant missionary to Ethiopia.[150] 1634 - Jesuit missionary Jean de Brèbeuf travels to the Petun nation (in Canada) and baptizes a 40 year old man. 1635 - An expedition of Franciscans leaves Quito, Ecuador, to try to penetrate into Amazonia from the west. Though most of them will be killed along the way, a few will manage to arrive two years later on the Atlantic coast. 1636 - The Dominicans of Manila (the Philippines) organize a missionary expedition to Japan. They are arrested on one of the Okinawa islands and will be eventually condemned to death by the tribunal of Nagasaki. 1637 - When smallpox kills thousands of Native Americans, tribal medicine men blame European missionaries for the disaster 1638 - Official ban of Christianity in Japan with death penalty; The Fountain Opened, a posthumous work of the influential Puritan writer Richard Sibbes is published, in which he says that the gospel must continue its journey "til it have gone over the whole world." 1639 - The first women to New France as missionaries—three Ursuline Nuns—board the "St. Joseph" and set sail for New France 1640 - Jesuit missionaries arrive on the Caribbean island of Martinique 1641 - Jesuit missionary Cristoval de Acuna describes the Amazon River in a written report to the king of Spain 1642 - Catholic missionaries Isaac Jogues and Rene Goupil are captured by Mohawk Indians as they return to Huron country from Quebec. Goupil was tomahawked to death while Jogues will be held for a period of time as a slave. He used his slavery as an opportunity for missionary work [151] 1643 - John Campanius, Lutheran missionary to the Indians, arrives in America on the Delaware River; Reformed pastor Johannes Megapolensis begins outreach to Native Americans while pastoring at Albany, New York 1644 - John Eliot begins ministry to Algonquian Indians in North America [152] 1645 - After thirty years of work in Vietnam, the Jesuits are expelled from that country 1646 - After being accused of being a sorcerer, Jesuit missionary Isaac Jogues is killed by the Iroquois [151] 1647 - The Discalced Carmelites begin work on Madagascar[103] 1648 - Baptism of Helena and other members of the emperial Ming family 1649 - Society for the Propagation of the Gospel In New England formed to reach the Indians of New England[153] 1650 - The destruction of Huronia by the Iroquois puts an end to the Jesuits' dream of making the Huron Indians the focal point of their evangelism 1651 - Count Truchsess of Wetzhausen, prominent Lutheran layman, asks the theological faculty of Wittenberg why Lutherans are not sending out missionaries in obedience to the Great Commission [154] 1652 - Jesuit Antonio Vieira returns to Brazil as a missionary where he will champion the cause of exploited indigenous peoples until being expelled by Portuguese colonists [155] 1653 - A Mohawk war party captures Jesuit Joseph Poncet near Montreal. He is tortured and will be finally sent back with a message about peace overtures. 1654 - John Eliot publishes a catechism for American Indians [156]In 1654, the first Jew, Jacob Barsimson, emigrated from Holland to New Amsterdam (New York) and in the next decade many more followed him, settling along the East Coast, principally in New Amsterdam and Newport, Rhode Island. They were prevented by ordinances issued by Governor Peter Stuyvesant from engaging in the domestic economy, so they quickly discovered that the territory inhabited by the Indians would be a fertile field. There were no laws preventing the Jews from trading with the Indians 1655 - Jinga or Zinga, princess of Matamba in Angola is converted;[105] later she will write to the Pope urging that more missionaries be sent 1656 - First Quaker missionaries arrive in what is now Boston, Massachusetts 1657 - Thomas Mayhew, Jr., is lost at sea during a voyage to England that was to combine an appeal for missionary funds with personal business 1658 - After the flight of the French missionaries from his area, chief Daniel Garakonthie of the Onondaga Indians, examines the customs of the French colonists and the doctrines of the missionaries and openly begins protecting Christians in his part of what is now New York 1659 - Jesuit Alexander de Rhodes establishes the Paris Foreign Missions Society 1660 - Christianity is introduced into Cambodia 1661 - George Fox, founder of the Religious Society of Friends (Quakers) sends 3 missionaries to China (although they never reached the field)[129] 1662 - French Jesuit missionary Julien Garnier sails for Canada 1663 - John Eliot's translation of the Bible into one of the Algonquian languages is published (the New Testament came out two years earlier). This Bible was the first complete Bible to be printed in the New World [157] 1664 - Justinian Von Welz authors three powerful pamphlets on the need for world missions; he will go to Dutch Guinea (now called Surinam) where he will die after only three months[158] 1665 - Japanese feudal landholders (called Daimyo) were ordered to follow the shogunate's example and to appoint inquisitors to do a yearly scutiny of Christians 1666 -John Eliot publishes his The Indian Grammar, a book written to assist in conversion work among the Indians. Described as "some bones and ribs preparation for such a work", Eliot intended his Grammar for missionaries wishing to learn the dialect spoken by the Massachusett Indians. 1667 - The first missionary to attempt to reach the Huaorani (or Aucas), Jesuit Pedro Suarez, is slain with spears [159] 1668 - In a letter from his post in Canada, French missionary Jacques Bruyas laments his ignorance of the Oneida language: "What can a man do who does not understand their language, and who is not understood when he speaks. As yet, I do nothing but stammer; nevertheless, in four months I have baptized 60 persons, among whom there are only four adults, baptized in periculo mortis. All the rest are little children." 1669 - Eager to compete with the Jesuits for conversion of the Indian Nations on the western Great Lakes, Sulpilcian missionaries François Dollier de Casson and René Bréhant de Galinée set out from Montreal with twenty-seven men in seven canoes led by two canoes of Seneca Indians 1670 - Jesuits establish missions on the Orinoco River in Venezuela 1671 - Quaker missionaries arrive in the Carolinas 1672 - A chieftain on Guam kills Jesuit missionary Diego Luis de San Vitores and his Visayan assistant, Pedro Calungsod, for having baptized the chief's daughter without his permission (some accounts do say the girl's mother consented to the baptism) 1673 - French trader Louis Jolliet and missionary Jacques Marquette visit what is now the state of Illinois, where the latter establishes a mission for Native Americans [160] 1674 - Vincentian mission to Madagascar collapses after 25 years of abortive effort [161] 1675 - An uprising on the islands of Micronesia leads to the death of three Christian missionaries 1676 - Kateri Tekakwitha, who became known as the Lily of the Mohawks, is baptized by a Jesuit missionary. She, along with many other Native Americans, joins a missionary settlement in Canada where a syncretistic blend of ascetic indigeneous and Catholic beliefs evolves. 1678 -French missionaries Jean La Salle and Louis Hennepin discover Niagara Falls 1679 - Writing from Changzhou, newly arrived missionary Juan de Yrigoyen describes three Christian congregations flourishing in that Chinese city[162] 1680 - The Pueblo Revolt begins in New Mexico with the killing of twenty-one Franciscan missionaries 1681 - After arriving in New Spain, Italian Jesuit Eusebio Kino soon becomes what one writer described as "the most picturesque missionary pioneer of all North America." A bundle of evangelistic zeal, Kino was also an explorer, astronomer, cartographer, mission builder, ranchman, cattle king, and defender of the frontier [163] 1682 - 13 missionaries go to "remote cities" in East Siberia 1683 - Missionary Louis Hennepin returns to France after exploring Minnesota and being held captive by the Dakota to write the first book about Minnesota, Description de la Louisiane 1684 - Louis XIV of France sends Jesuit missionaries to China bearing gifts from the collections of the Louvre and the Palace of Versailles 1685 - Consecration of first Catholic bishop of Chinese origin 1686 - Russian Orthodox monks arrive in China as missionaries 1687 - French activity begins in what is now Côte d'Ivoire when missionaries land at Assinie 1688 - New Testament translated into the Malay language (the first Bible translation into a language of southeast Asia) 1689 - Calusa Indian chief from what is the state of Florida visits Cuba to discuss idea of having missionaries come to his people[164] 1690 - First Franciscan missionaries arrive in Texas 1691 - Christian Faith Society for the West Indies was organized with a focus on evangelizing African slaves[165] 1692 - Chinese Kangxi Emperor permits the Jesuits to freely preach Christianity, converting whom they wish 1693 - Jesuit missionary John de Britto is publicly beheaded in India 1694 - Missionary and explorer Eusebio Kino becomes the first European to enter the Tucson, Arizona basin and create a lasting settlement 1695 - China's first Russian Orthodox church building is consecrated 1696 - Jesuit missionary Francois Pinet founds the Mission of the Guardian Angel near what is today Chicago, Illinois. The mission was abandoned in 1700 when missionary efforts seemed fruitless 1697 - To evangelize the English colonies, Thomas Bray, an Anglican preacher who made several missionary trips to North America, begins laying the groundwork for what will be the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts [166] 1698 - Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge organized by Anglicans[153] 1699 - Priests of the Quebec Seminary of Foreign Missions establish a mission among the Tamaroa Indians at Cahokia in what is now the state of Illinois.                                           1700 - After a Swedish missionary's sermon in Pennsylvania, one Native American posed such searching questions that the episode was reported in a 1731 history of the Swedish church in America. The interchange is noted in Benjamin Franklin's Remarks Concerning the Savages of North America (1784).[167] 1701 - Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts officially organized[153] 1702 - George Keith, returns to America as a missionary of the newly-organized Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts 1703 - The Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts expands to the West Indies [168] 1704 - French missionary priests arrive to evangelize the Chitimacha living along the Mississippi River in what is now the state of Louisiana 1706 Bartholomäus Ziegenbalg, missionary, arrives in Tranquebar 1706- Irish-born Francis Makemie, who has been an itinerant Presbyterian missionary among the colonists of America since 1683, is finally able to organize the first American presbytery 1707 - Italian Capuchin missionaries reach Kathmandu in Nepal. Maillard de Tournon makes public, in Nanjing, the Vatican decisions on rites, including the stipulations against the veneration of ancestors and of Confucius. 1708- Jesuit missionary Giovanni Battista Sidotti is arrested in Japan. He is taken to Edo (now called Tokyo) to be interrogated by Arai Hakuseki 1709 - Experience Mayhew, missionary to the Martha's Vineyard Indians, translates the Psalms and the Gospel of John into the Massachusett language. It will be a work considered second only to John Eliot's Indian Bible in terms of significant Indian-language translations in colonial New England 1710 - First modern Bible Society founded in Germany by Count Canstein[169] 1711 - Jesuit Eusebio Kino, missionary explorer in southern Arizona and northern Sonora, dies suddenly in northern Mexico. Kino, who has been called "the cowboy missionary", had fought against the exploitation of Indians in Mexican silver mines. 1712- Using a press sent by The Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, the Tranquebar Mission in India begins printing books in the Portuguese language 1713 - Jesuit Ippolito Desideri goes to Tibet as a missionary 1714 - New Testament translated into Tamil (India);[170] a missionary training college is established in Copenhagen 1715 - Eastern Orthodox Church missionary outreach is renewed in Manchuria and Northern China[67] 1716 - The establishment of the Alamo Mission in San Antonio is authorized by the viceroy of Mexico. The mission was to be an educational center for Native Americans who converted to Christianity. 1717 - Chen Mao writes to the Chinese Emperor about his concerns over Catholic missionaries and Western traders. He urgently requested an all-out prohibition of Catholic missionaries in the Qing provinces. 1718 - Bartholomäus Ziegenbalg constructs a church building in India that is still in use today 1719 - Isaac Watts writes missionary hymn "Jesus Shall Reign Where'er the Sun"[171] 1720- Missionary Johann Ernst Gruendler dies in India. He had arrived there in 1709 with the sponsorship of the Danish Mission Society 1721 - Mission San Juan Bautista Malibat in Baja California is abandoned due to the hostility of the Cochimi Indians, as well as to the decimation of the local population by epidemics and a water shortage. Chinese Kangxi Emperor bans Christian missionaries as a result of the Chinese Rites controversy. 1722 - Hans Egede goes to Greenland [172] 1723 - Robert Millar publishes A History of the Propagation of Christianity and the Overthrow of Paganism advocating prayer as the primary means of converting non-Christians[171] 1724 - Yongzheng Emperor bans missionary activities outside the Beijing area 1725 - Knud Leem arrives as a missionary to the Sami people of Finnmark (Norwegian Arctic) 1726 - John Wright, a Quaker missionary to the Native Americans, settles in southeastern Pennsylvania 1728 - Institutum Judaicum founded in Halle as first Protestant mission center for Jewish evangelism [173] 1729 - Roman Catholic missionary Du Poisson becomes the first victim in the Natchez massacre. On his way to New Orleans, he had been asked to stop and say Mass at the Natchez post. He was killed in front of the altar 1730- Lombard, French missionary, founds a Christian village with over 600 Indians at the mouth of Kuru river in French Guiana. A Jesuit, Lombard has been called the most successful of all missionaries in converting the Indians of French Guiana 1731 - A missionary movement is born when Count Nicolaus Ludwig Zinzendorf attends the coronation of King Christian VI of Denmark. By the following year, the movement with which Zinzendorf was associated, the Moravian Church, would launch missionary outreach in the Caribbean.[174] 1732 - Alphonsus Liguori founds the Roman Catholic religious order known as the Redemptorist Fathers with the purpose of doing missionary work among rural people [175] 1733 - Moravians go to Greenland[176] 1734 - A missionary convinces a Groton, Connecticut church to lend its building to the Mashantucket Pequot Tribe for Christian worship services. 1735 - John Wesley goes to Indians in Georgia as missionary with the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts [177] 1736 - Anti-Christian edicts in China; Moravian missionaries at work among Nenets people of Arkhangelsk 1737 - Rev. Pugh, a missionary in Pennsylvania with The Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts begins ministering to blacks. He noted that the masters of the slaves were prejudiced against them becoming Christian. 1738 - Moravian missionary George Schmidt settles in Baviaan Kloof (Kloof of the Baboons) in the Riviersonderend valley of South Africa. He begins working with the Khoikhoi people, who were practically on the threshold of extinction. 1739 - The first missionary to the Mahican (Mohegan) Indians, John Sergeant, builds a home in Stockbridge, Massachusetts that is today a museum. 1740 - Moravian David Zeisberger starts work among Creek people of Georgia [178] 1740 Johann Phillip Fabricius, missionary, arrives in South India 1741 - Dutch missionaries start building Christ Church building in Malacca Town, Malaysia. It will take 12 years to complete. 1742 - Moravian Leader Count Zinzendorf visits Shekomeko, New York and baptizes six Indians 1743 - David Brainerd starts ministry to North American Indians[55] 1744 - Thomas Thompson resigns his position as dean at the University of Cambridge to become a missionary. He was sent by the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts to New Jersey. Taking a special interest in the slave population there, he would later request to begin mission work in Africa. In 1751, Thompson would become the first S.P.G. missionary to the Gold Coast (modern-day Ghana) 1745 - David Brainerd, after preaching to Native Americans in December, wrote about the response: "They soon came in, one after another; with tears in their eyes, to know, what they should do to be saved. . . . It was an amazing season of power among them, and seemed as if God had bowed the heavens and come down ... and that God was about to convert the whole world." 1746 - From Boston a call is issued to the Christians of the New World to enter into a seven-year "Concert of Prayer" for missionary work[179] 1747 - Jonathan Edwards appeals for prayer for world missions 1748 - Roman Catholic Pedro Sanz and four other missionaries are executed, together with 14 Chinese Christians. Prior to his death, Sanz reportedly converted some of his prison guards to Christianity. 1749 - Spanish Franciscan priest Junipero Serra (1713-1784</ref> arrives in Mexico as a missionary. In 1767 he would go north to what is now California, zealously building missions and converting Native Americans. 1750 - Jonathan Edwards, preacher of the First Great Awakening, having been banished from his church at Northampton, Massachusetts goes as a missionary to the nearby Housatonic Indians.[180] Christian Frederic Schwartz goes to India with Danish-Halle Mission [181] 1751 - Samuel Cooke arrives in New Jersey as a missionary for the SPGFP 1752 - Thomas Thompson, first Anglican missionary to Africa, arrives in the Gold Coast (now Ghana) [182] 1753 The disappearance of Erhardt and six companions leads to temporary abandonment of Moravian missionary initiatives in Labrador. 1754 - Moravian John Ettwein arrives in America from Germany as a missionary. Preaching to Native Americans and establishing missions, Ettwein will travel as far south as Georgia. 1755 - The Mahican Indian settlement at Gnadenhutten, Pa. is attacked and destroyed. Moravian missionary Johann Jacob Schmick remains with the Mahicans through exile and captivity despite almost constant threats from white neighbors. Schmick will join his Indian congregation as they seek refuge in Bethlehem, follow them as captives to Philadelphia, and remain with them after they settle in Wyalusing, Pennsylvania. 1756 - Civil unrest forces Gideon Halley away from his missionary work among the Six Nations on the Susquehanna River where he has been working for four years under the supervision of Jonathan Edwards with an appointment from the Society for Propagating the Gospel among the Indians. 1757 - Lutherans begin ministering to Blacks in the Caribbean[183] 1758- John Wesley baptizes two slaves, thus breaking the skin color barrier for Methodist societies[184] 1759 - Native American Samson Occom, direct descendant of the great Mahican chief Uncas, is ordained by the Presbyterians. Occom became the first American Indian to publish works in English. These included sermons, hymns and a short autobiography.[185] 1760 - Adam Voelker and Christian Butler arrive in Tranquebar as the first Moravian missionaries to India 1761 - The first Moravian missionary in Ohio, Frederick Post, settles on the north side of the Muskingum in what is now Bethlehem township 1762 - Moravian Missionary John Heckewelder confers with Koquethagacton ("White Eyes") at the mouth of the Beaver River (Pennsylvania) 1763 - The Presbyterian Synod of New York orders that a collection for missions be taken. In 1767 the Synod asks that this collection be done annually. 1764 - The Moravians make a decision to expand and begin publicizing their missionary activity, particularly in the British colonies; Moravian Jens Haven makes the first of three exploratory missionary journeys to Greenland 1765 - Suriname Governor General Crommelin convinces three Moravian missionaries to work near the head waters of the Gran Rio. They settle among the Saramaka near the Senthea Creek in Granman Abini's village where they are received with mixed feelings. 1766 - Philip Quaque, a Fetu youth from the Cape Coast area of Ghana who spent twelve years studying in England, returns to Africa. Supported as a missionary by the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts, Quaque is first non-European ordained priest in the Church of England 1767 - Spain expels the Jesuits from Spanish colonies in the New World 1768 - Five United Brethren missionaries from Germany, invited by the Danish Guinea Company, arrive in the Gold Coast (now Ghana), to teach in the Cape Coast Castle schools 1769 - Junípero Serra founds Mission San Diego de Alcalá, first of the 21 Alta California missions (Habermann, p. 370</ref> 1770 - John Marrant, a free black from New York City, begins ministering cross-culturally, preaching to the American Indians. By 1775 he had carried the gospel to the Cherokee and Creek Indians as well as to groups he called the Catawar and Housaw peoples.[186] 1771 - Methodist Francis Asbury arrives in America; David Avery is ordained as missionary to the Oneida tribe[187] 1772 - After visiting Scilly Cove in Newfoundland, Canada, missionary James Balfour describes it as a "most Barbarous Lawless Place"[188] 1773 - Pope Clement XIV dissolves the Jesuit Order;[189] two Dominican order missionaries beheaded in Vietnam 1775 - John Crook is sent by Liverpool Methodists to the Isle of Man 1776 - Cyril Vasilyevich Suchanov builds first church among Evenks of Transbaikal (or Dauria) in (Siberia); The first baptism of an Eskimo by a Lutheran pastor takes place in Labrador. 1777 - Portuguese missionaries build a church at Hashnabad, Bangladesh 1778 - Theodore Sladich is martyred while doing missionary work to counter Islamic influence in the western Balkans 1780 - August Gottlieb Spangenberg writes An Account of the Manner in Which the Protestant Church of the Unitas Fratrum, or United Brethren, Preach the Gospel, and Carry On Their Missions Among the Heathen. Originally written in German, the book will be translated into English in 1788. 1781 - In the midst of the American Revolutionary War, the British so feared Moravian missionary David Zeisberger and his influence among the Lenape (also called Delaware) and other Native Americans that they arrested him and his assistant, John Heckewelder, charging them with treason, 1782 - Freed slave George Lisle (Baptist) goes to Jamaica as missionary [190] 1783 - Moses Baker and George Gibbions, both former slaves, leave the U.S. to become missionaries in the West Indies 1784 - Thomas Coke (Methodist) submits his Plan for the Society for the Establishment of Missions Among the Heathen. Methodist missions among the "heathen" will begin in 1786 when Coke, destined for Nova Scotia, is driven off course by a storm and lands at Antigua in the British West Indies.[191] 1785 - Joseph White's sermon titled "On the Duty of Attempting the Propagation of the Gospel among our Mahometan and Gentoo Subjects in India" is published in the second edition of his book Sermons Containing a View of Christianity and Mahometanism, in their History, their Evidence, and their Effects. The sermon was first preached at the University of Oxford. 1786 - John Marrant, a free black from New York City, writes in his journal that he preached to "a great number of Indians and white people" at Green's Harbor, Newfoundland.[192] Marrant's cross-cultural ministry led him to take the Gospel to the Cherokee, Creek, Catawba (he called them the Catawar, and Housaw Indians. 1787 - William Carey is ordained in England by the Particular Baptists and soon begins to urge that worldwide missions be undertaken. 1788 - Dutch missionaries begin preaching the Gospel among fishermen in Bangladesh 1789 - The Jesuits establish Georgetown University as the first US Catholic college [193] 1790 - Prince Williams, a freed slave from South Carolina, goes to Nassau, Bahamas, where he will start Bethel Meeting House [186] 1791 - One hundred and twenty Korean Christians are tortured and killed for their faith. It began when Paul Yun Ji-Chung, a noble who had become a Christian, decided not to bury his mother according to traditional Confucian custom. 1792 - William Carey writes An Enquiry into the Obligations of Christians to use means for the conversion of the heathen and forms the Baptist Missionary Society to support him in establishing missionary work in India[194] 1793 - Stephen Badin ordained in U.S. Although much of Badin's ministry was pastoral work among his own countrymen, he did some outreach among the Potawatomi Indians[195] 1794 - Eight Russian Orthodox missionaries arrive on Kodiak Island in Alaska. Within a few months several thousand people have been baptized [196] 1795 - The London Missionary Society is formed to send missionaries to Tahiti[197] 1796 - Scottish and Glasgow Missionary Societies established;[197] In India, Johann Philipp Fabricius' translation of the Bible into Tamil is revised and published[198] 1797 - Netherlands Missionary Society formed;[197][199] The Duff, carrying 36 lay and pastoral missionaries, sails to three islands of the South Pacific;[200] The first Christian missionary (from the London Missionary Society) visits Hiva on the Pacific island of Tahuata; he is not well received. 1798 - The Missionary Society of Connecticut is organized by the Congregationalists to take the gospel to the "heathen lands" of Vermont and Ohio. Its missionaries evangelized both European settlers and Native Americans.[201] 1799 - The Church Missionary Society (Church of England) is formed;[197] John Vanderkemp, Dutch physician goes to Cape Colony, Africa [202]            February 2, 1911 -- During a m 1800 - New York Missionary Society formed; Johann Janicke founds a school in Berlin to train young people for missionary service [203] 1801 - John Theodosius van der Kemp moves to Graaff Reinet to minister to the Khoikhoi (Hottentots) people. Earlier he had helped found the Netherlands Missionary Society. In 1798, he had gone to South Africa to work as a missionary among the Xhosa. 1802 - Henry Martyn hears Charles Simeon speak of William Carey's work in India and resolves to become a missionary himself. He will sail for India in 1805 [204] 1803 - The Massachusetts Baptist Missionary Society votes to publish a missionary magazine. Now known as The American Baptist, the periodical is the oldest religious magazine in the U.S. 1804 - British and Foreign Bible Society formed;[205] Church Missionary Society enters Sierra Leone [206] 1805 - The first Christian missionaries arrive in Namibia, brothers Abraham and Christian Albrecht from the London Missionary Society[207] 1806 - Haystack Prayer Meeting at Williams College; Andover Theological Seminary founded as a missionary training center; Protestant missionary work begins in earnest across southern Africa 1807 - First Protestant missionary to China, Robert Morrison, begins work in Guangzhou (formerly called Canton)[208] 1809 - London Society for Promoting Christianity Amongst the Jews (now known as the Church's Ministry Among Jewish People) founded [209] 1809 - National Bible Society of Scotland organized[205] 1810 - The American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions is formed[210] 1811 - English Wesleyans enter Sierra Leone [211] 1812 - First American foreign missionaries, Adoniram Judson and Luther Rice, arrive in Serampore and Judson soon goes to Burma [212] 1813 - The Methodists form the Wesleyan Missionary Society. 1814 - First recorded baptism of a Chinese convert, Cai Gao; American Baptist Foreign Mission Society formed;[197][213] Netherlands Bible Society founded[205] first missionaries arrive in New Zealand led by Samuel Marsden [214] 1815 - American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions open work on Ceylon, modern-day Sri Lanka through American Ceylon Mission;[215] Basel Missionary Society organized; Richmond African Missionary Society founded 1816 - Robert Moffat arrives in Africa;[216] American Bible Society founded[205] 1816 - Barnabas Shaw opens the first Wesleyan mission in South Africa: Liliefontein, in the Khamiesberg Mountains (Namaqualand), among the Khoisan peoples in the northern Cape Colony. 1817 - James Thompson, agent for British and Foreign Bible Society, begins distributing Bibles throughout Latin America [217] 1818 - Missionary work begins in Madagascar with the reluctant approval of the king [218] 1819 - John Scudder, Sr., missionary physician, joins the American Ceylon Mission;[219] Wesleyan Methodists start work in Madras, India;[220] Reginald Heber writes words to missionary classic "From Greenland's Icy Mountains" [221] 1820 - Hiram Bingham goes to Hawaii (Sandwich Islands) [222] 1821 - African-American Lott Carey, a Baptist missionary, sails with 28 colleagues from Norfolk, VA to Sierra Leone;[223] Protestant Episcopal Church mission board established[213] 1822 - African American Betsy Stockton is sent by the American Board of Missions to Hawaii. She thus becomes the first single woman missionary in the history of modern missions.[224] 1823 - Scottish Missionary Society workers arrive in Bombay, India;[225] Liang Fa, first Chinese Protestant evangelist, is ordained by Robert Morrison; Colonial and Continental Church Society formed [226] 1824 - Berlin Mission Society formed[199] 1825 - George Boardman goes to Burma [227] 1826 - American Bible Society sends first shipment of Bibles to Mexico 1827 - Missionary Lancelot Edward Threlkeld reports in The Monitor that he was "advancing rapidly" in his efforts to disseminate Holy Scripture among Indigenous Australians of the Hunter and Shoalhaven Rivers.[228] 1828 - Basel Mission begins work in the Christiansborg area of Accra, Ghana;[229] Karl Gützlaff of the Netherlands Missionary Society lands in Bangkok, Thailand;[230] Rhenish Missionary Society formed[199] 1829 - George Müller, a native of Prussia, goes to England as a missionary to the Jews; Anthony Norris Groves, an Exeter dentist, sets off as a missionary to Baghdad accompanied by John Kitto 1830 - Church of Scotland missionary Alexander Duff arrives in Kolkata (formerly Calcutta);[231] William Swan, missionary to Siberia, writes Letters on Missions, the first Protestant comprehensive treatment of the theory and practice of missions;[232] Baptism of Taufa'ahau Tupou, King of Tonga, by a western missionary;arrival of John Williams of the London Missionary Society in Samoa, landing in Sapapali'i on Savai'i island 1831 - American Congregational missionaries arrive in Thailand, withdrawing in 1849 without a single convert;[233] four Native Americans from beyond the Rocky Mountains come east to St. Louis, Missouri seeking information on the "palefaces' religion" [234] 1832 - Teava, former cannibal and pioneer Pacific Islander missionary, is commissioned by John Williams to work on the Samoan island of Manono 1833 - Baptist work in Thailand begins with John Taylor Jones;[235] the first American Methodist missionary, Melville Cox, goes to Liberia where he dies within four months. His dying appeal was: "Let a thousand fall before Africa be given up";[236] Free Will Baptist Foreign Missionary Society begins work in India 1834 - American Presbyterian Mission opens work in India in the Punjab;[237] Peter Parker MD, associated with the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions, first American Medical Missionary to China opens Ophthalmic Hospital at Canton [238] 1835 - Rhenish Missionary Society begins work among the Dayaks on Borneo (Indonesia);[239] Daniel Wilson, Bishop of Calcutta calls India's caste system "a cancer." 1836 - Plymouth Brethren begin work in Madras, India;[240] George Müller begins his work with orphans in Bristol, England;Gossner Mission formed;[199] Leipzig Mission Society established;[199] Colonial Missionary Society formed; The Providence Missionary Baptist District Association is formed, one of at least six national organizations among African American Baptists whose sole objective was missionary work in Africa. 1837 - Evangelical Lutheran Church mission board established;[241] First translation of Bible into Japanese (actual translation work done in Singapore) 1838 - Church of Scotland Mission of Inquiry to the Jews; four Scottish ministers including Robert Murray M'Cheyne and Andrew Bonar journey to Palestine; Augustinians enter Australia. 1839 - Entire Bible is published in language of Tahiti; three French missionaries martyred in Korea; English Protestant missionaries, including John Williams, murdered on Erromango (Vanuatu, South Pacific) [242] 1840 - David Livingstone is in present-day Malawi (Africa) with the London Missionary Society; American Presbyterians enter Thailand and labor for 18 years before seeing their first Thai convert;[233] Irish Presbyterian Missionary Society formed; Welsh Calvinistic Methodist Missionary Society founded 1841 - Edinburgh Medical Missionary Society formed;[207] Welsh Methodists begin working among the Khasi people of India 1842 - Methodist Missionary, Thomas Birch Freeman arrives in Badagry, Nigeria;[243][244] 1842 - Church Missionary Society enters Badagry, Lagos 1842 - Gossner Mission Society receives royal sanction;[245] Norwegian Missionary Society formed in Stavanger[203] 1842 - Christian Mission to the Jews (CMJ) establishes Christ Church, first Anglican church in the Old City of Jerusalem 1843 - Baptist John Taylor Jones translates New Testament into the Thai language;[246] British Society for the Propagation of the Gospel among the Jews formed 1844 - German Ludwig Krapf begins work in Mombasa on the Kenya Coast;[247] first Young Men's Christian Association (YMCA) formed by George Williams; George Smith and Thomas McClatchie sail for China as the first two CMS missionaries to that country 1844 Hans Paludan Smith Schreuder, missionary, arrives in Port Natal, South Africa 1845 - Southern Baptist Convention mission organization founded[207] 1846 - The London Missionary Society establishes work on Niue, a South Pacific island which westerners had named the "savage island"[207] 1847 - Presbyterian William Burns goes to China, translates The Pilgrim's Progress into Chinese; Moses White sails to China as a Methodist medical missionary 1847 John Christian Frederick Heyer, missionary, arrives in Andhra Pradesh, India 1848 - Charles Forman goes to Punjab;[248] German missionaries Johannes Rebmann and Johann Ludwig Krapf arrive at Kilimanjaro. Initially, their story of a snow-covered peak near the equator was scoffed at.[249] 1849 - Just weeks after arriving on the Melanesian island of Anatom, missionary John Geddie wrote in his journal: "In the darkness, degradation, pollution and misery that surrounds me, I will look forward in the vision of faith to the time when some of these poor islanders will unite in the triumphant song of ransomed souls, 'Unto Him that loved us, and washed us from our sins in His own blood.'"[250]1850 - On the occasion of Karl Gützlaff's visit to Europe, the Berlin Ladies Association for China is established in conjunction with the Berlin Missionary Association for China. Work in China will commence in 1851 with the arrival of Hermandine Neumann in Hong Kong. Rev. Thomas Valpy French, came to India in 1850, founded St. John's College, Agra, and became first Bishop of Lahore in 1877. 1851 - Allen Gardiner and six missionary colleagues die of exposure and starvation at Patagonia on the southern tip of South America because a re-supply ship from England arrives six months late.[251] 1852 - Zenana (women) and Medical Missionary Fellowship formed in England to send out single women missionaries[252] 1853- The Hermannsburg Missionary Society, founded in 1849 by Louis Harms, has finished training its first group of young missionaries. They are sent to Africa on a ship (the Kandaze) which had been built entirely from donations.[253] 1854 - New York Missionary Conference, guided by Alexander Duff, ponders the question: "To what extent are we authorized by the Word of God to expect the conversion of the world to Christ?";[254] Henry Venn, secretary of the Church Missionary Society, sets out ideal of self-governing, self-supporting and self-propagating churches; Hudson Taylor arrives in China[255] 1855 - Henry Steinhauer is ordained as a Canadian Methodist missionary to North American Indians and posted to Lac La Biche, Alberta. Steinhauer's missionary work had actually begun 15 years earlier in 1840 when he was assigned to Lac La Pluie to assist in translating, teaching and interpreting the Ojibwa and Cree languages. 1856 - Presbyterians start work in Colombia with the arrival of Henry Pratt [256] 1857 - Bible translated into Tswana language; Board of Foreign Missions of Dutch Reformed Church set up; four missionary couples killed at the Fatehgarh mission during the Indian Mutiny of 1857;[257] Publication of David Livingstone's book Missionary Travels and Researches in South Africa 1858 - John G. Paton begins work in New Hebrides;[258] Basel Evangelical Missionary Society begins work in western Sumatra (Indonesia) 1859 - Protestant missionaries arrive in Japan;[259] Revivals in North America and the British Isles generate interest in overseas missions; Albert Benjamin Simpson (founder of Christian and Missionary Alliance) is converted by the revival ministry of Henry Grattan Guinness 1861 - Protestant Stundism arises in the village of Osnova of modern-day Ukraine; Sarah Doremus founds the Women's Union Missionary Society; Episcopal Church opens work in Haiti;[260] Rhenish Mission goes to Indonesia under Ludwig Nommensen 1862 - Paris Evangelical Missionary Society opens work in Senegal;[261] the first dictionary of the Samoan language published, written by Rev George Pratt of the London Missionary Society.[262] 1863 - Robert Moffat, missionary to Africa with the London Missionary Society, publishes his book Rivers of Water in a Dry Place, Being an Account of the Introduction of Christianity into South Africa, and of Mr. Moffat's Missionary Labours 1865 - The China Inland Mission is founded by James Hudson Taylor;[252] James Laidlaw Maxwell plants first viable church in Taiwan. Salvation Army founded in London by William Booth 1866 - Charles Haddon Spurgeon invents The Wordless Book, which is widely used in cross-cultural evangelism;[263] Theodore Jonas Meyer (1819-1894), a converted Jew serving as a Presbyterian missionary in Italy, nurses those dying in a cholera epidemic until he himself falls prey to the disease. Barely surviving, he becomes a peacemaker between Catholics and Protestants; Robert Thomas, the first Protestant martyr in Korea, is beheaded giving a Bible to his executioner.[264] 1867 - Methodists start work in Argentina;[265] Scripture Union established; Lars Olsen Skrefsrud and Hans Peter Børresen begin working among the Santals of India. 1868 - Robert Bruce goes to Iran, Canadian Baptist missionary Americus Timpany begins work among the Telugu people in India. 1869 - The first Methodist women's missionary magazine, The Heathen Women's Friend, begins publication. ; Riot in Yangzhou, China destroys China Inland Mission house and nearly leads to open war between Britain and China. 1870 - Clara Swain, the very first female missionary medical doctor, arrives at Bareilly, India; Orthodox Missionary Society founded [266] 1871 - Henry Stanley finds David Livingstone in central Africa [267] 1872 - First All-India Missionary Conference with 136 participants;[268] George Leslie Mackay plants church in northern Taiwan;[269] Lottie Moon appointed as missionary to China [270] 1873 - Regions Beyond Missionary Union founded in London in connection with the East London Training Institute for Home and Foreign Missions; first Scripture portion (Gospel of Luke) translated into Pangasinan, a language of the Philippines, by Alfonso Lallave [271] 1874 - Lord Radstock's first visit to St. Petersburg, Russia, and the beginning of an evangelical awakening among the St. Petersburg nobility; Albert Sturges initiates the Interior Micronesia Mission in the Mortlock Islands under the leadership of Micronesian students from Ohwa 1875 - The Foreign Christian Missionary Society organized within the Christian Church (Disciples of Christ) and Church of Christ movements; Clah, a Canadian Indian convert, brought Christianity to natives at Ft. Wangel, Alaska. He assumed the name of Philip McKay. 1876 - In September, a rusty ocean steamer arrives at a port on the Calabar River in what is now Nigeria. That part of Africa was then known as the White Man's Grave. The only woman on board that ship is 29-year-old Mary Slessor, a missionary.[272] 1877 - James Chalmers goes to New Guinea;[273] Presbyterians Sheldon Jackson and missionary-widow Amanda McFarland arrive at Ft. Wrangel, Alaska where they join Philip McKay (née Clah) to start missionary work. McFarland was the first white woman in Alaska, and renowned as "Alaska's Courageous Missionary." 1878 - Mass movement to Christ begins in Ongole, India[274] 1880 - Woman missionary doctor Fanny Butler goes to India;[275] Missionary periodical The Gospel in All Lands is launched by A. B. Simpson;[276] Justus Henry Nelson and Fannie Bishop Capen Nelson begin 45 years of service in Belém, Pará, Brazil, establishing the first Protestant Church in Amazonia in 1883 1881 - Methodist work in Lahore, Pakistan starts in the wake of revivals under Bishop William Taylor; North Africa Mission (now Arab World Ministries) founded on work of Edward Glenny in Algeria[277] 1882 - James Gilmour, London Missionary Society missionary to Mongolia, goes home to England for a furlough. During that time he published a book: Among the Mongols. It was so well-written that one critic wrote, "Robinson Crusoe has turned missionary, lived years in Mongolia, and wrote a book about it." Concerning the author, the critic said, "If ever on earth there lived a man who kept the law of Christ, and could give proof of it, and be absolutely unconscious that he was giving it to them, it is this man whom the Mongols called 'our Gilmour.'"[278] 1883 - Salvation Army enters West Pakistan;[279] A.B. Simpson organizes The Missionary Union for the Evangelization of the World. The first classes of the Missionary Training College are held in New York City. Zaire Christian and Missionary Alliance mission field opens. 1884 - David Torrance is sent by the Jewish Mission of the Free Church of Scotland as a medical missionary to Palestine 1885 - Horace Grant Underwood, Presbyterian missionary, and Henry Appenzeller, Methodist missionary, arrive in Korea;[280] Scottish Ion Keith-Falconer goes to Aden on the Arabian peninsula;[281] "Cambridge Seven" -- C. T. Studd, M. Beauchamp, W. W. Cassels, D. E. Hoste, S. P. Smith, A. T. Podhill-Turner, C. H. Polhill-Turner—go to China as missionaries with the China Inland Mission[282] 1886 - Student Volunteer Movement launched as 100 university and seminary students at Moody's conference grounds at Mount Hermon, Massachusetts, sign the Princeton Pledge which says: "I purpose, God willing, to become a foreign missionary."[283] 1886 Johann Flierl, missionary, arrives in New Guinea 1887 -The Hundred missionaries deployed in one year in China under the China Inland Mission. Dr. William Cassidy, a Toronto medical doctor, was ordained as the Christian and Missionary Alliance's first missionary preacher. Unfortunately, en route to China, he died of smallpox. However, Cassidy's death has been called the "spark that ignited the Alliance missionary blaze." 1888 - Jonathan Goforth sails to China;[284] Student Volunteer Movement for foreign missions officially organized with John R. Mott as chairman and Robert Wilder as traveling secretary. The movement's motto, coined by Wilder, was: "The evangelization of the world in this generation.;[285] Scripture Gift Mission (now Lifewords) founded 1889 - Missionary linguist and folklorist Paul Olaf Bodding arrives in India, Santhal Parganas, and continues the work among the Santals started by Skrefsrud and Børresen in 1867; North Africa Mission enters Tripoli as first Protestant mission in Libya[286] 1890 - Central American Mission founded by C. I. Scofield, editor of the Scofield Reference Bible;[281] Methodist Charles Gabriel writes missionary song "Send the Light"; John Livingston Nevius of China visits Korea to outline his strategy for missions: 1) Each believer should be a productive member of society and active in sharing his faith; 2) The church in Korea should be distinctly Korean and free of foreign control; 3) The leaders of the Korean church will be selected and trained from its members; 4) Church buildings will be built by Koreans with their own resources[287] 1891 - Samuel Zwemer goes to Arabia;[288] Helen Chapman sails for the Congo (Zaire). She married a Danish missionary, William Rasmussen, whom she met during the voyage. 1892 - Redcliffe College, Centre for Mission Training founded in Chelsea, London[289] 1893 - Eleanor Chestnut goes to China as Presbyterian medical missionary;[290] Sudan Interior Mission founded by Rowland Bingham, a graduate of Nyack College [291] 1894 - Soatanana Revival begins among Lutheran and LMS churches in Madagascar, lasting 80 years[254] 1895 - Africa Inland Mission formed by Peter Cameron Scott;[205] Japan Bible Society established; Roland Allen sent as missionary for the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts to its North China Mission.[292] Amy Carmichael arrives in India. 1896 - Ödön Scholtz founds the first Hungarian Lutheran foreign mission periodical Külmisszió [293] 1897 - Presbyterian Church (USA) begins work in Venezuela 1898 - Theresa Huntington leaves her New England home for the Middle East. For seven years she will work as an American Board missionary in Elazığ (Kharput) in the Ottoman Empire. Her letters home will be published in a book titled Great Need over the Water ; Archibald Reekie of the Canadian Baptist Ministries arrives in Oruro as the first Protestant missionary to Bolivia. The work of Canadian Baptists led to the guarantee of freedom of religion in Bolivia in 1905. 1899 - James Rodgers arrives in Philippines with the Presbyterian Mission;[294] Central American Mission enters Guatemala [295orning devotional hour at Central Texas College in Waco, a teacher, Eliza George, h1600 - French missionaries arrive in the area of what is now Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan 1911 - Christian & Missionary Alliance enters Cambodia and Vietnam[310] 1912 - Conference of British Missionary Societies formed;[311] International Review of Missions begins publication[296] 1913 - African-American Eliza George sails from New York for Liberia;[312] William Whiting Borden dies in Egypt while preparing to take the gospel to the Muslims in China [313] 1914-1918 World War I numerous missionaries in Africa and Asia in British, French, German and Belgian colonies are expelled or detained for the duration of the war, if their nation was at war with the colonial authority 1914 - Large-scale revival movement in Uganda; C.T. Studd reports a revival movement in the Congo[314] 1914 Paul Olaf Bodding completes his translation of the Bible into the Santali language. 1915 - Founded in 1913 in Nanjing, China as a women's Christian college, Ginling College officially opens with eight students and six teachers. It was supported by four missions: the Northern Baptists, the Christian Church (Disciples of Christ), the Methodists, and the Presbyterians.[315] 1916 - Rhenish missionaries are forced to leave Ondjiva in southern Angola under pressure from the Portuguese authorities and Chief Mandume of the Kwanyama. By then, four congregations existed with a confessing membership of 800. 1917 - Interdenominational Foreign Mission Association (IFMA) founded [316] 1919 - The Union Version of Bible in Chinese is published;[317] Gospel Missionary Union enters Sudan [318] 1920 - Baptist Mid-Missions formed by William Haas;[319] Church of the Nazarene enters Syria; Columbans enter Australia and New Zealand[320] 1921 - Founding of International Missionary Council (IMC); Norwegian Mission Council formed; Columbans enter China 1922 - Nazarenes enter Mozambique 1923 - Scottish missionaries begin work in British Togoland 1924 - Bible Churchman's Missionary Society opens work in Upper Burma;[321] Baptist Mid-Missions begins work in Venezuela 1925 - E. Stanley Jones, Methodist missionary to India, writes The Christ of the Indian Road [322] 1927 - East African revival movement (Balokole) emerges in Rwanda and moves across several other countries[296] 1928 - Cuba Bible Institute (West Indies Mission) opens; Jerusalem Conference of International Missionary Council;[296] foundation of Borneo Evangelical Mission by Hudson Southwell, Frank Davidson and Carey Tolley. 1929 - Christian & Missionary Alliance enters East Borneo (Indonesia) and Thailand [323] 1930 - Christian & Missionary Alliance starts work among Baouli tribe in the Côte d'Ivoire 1931 - Franciscan missionary the Venerable Gabriele Allegra arrives in Hunan China from Italy to start translating the Bible[324] 1931 - HCJB radio station started in Quito, Ecuador by Clarence Jones;[325] Baptist Mid-Missions enters Liberia [326] 1932 - Assemblies of God open mission work in Colombia; Laymen's Missionary Inquiry report published 1933 - Gladys Aylward (subject of movie "The Inn of the Sixth Happiness") arrives in China; Columbans enter Korea[327] 1934 - William Cameron Townsend begins the Summer Institute of Linguistics; Columbans enter Japan[328] 1935 - Frank C. Laubach, American missionary to the Philippines, perfects the "Each one teach one" literacy program, which has been used worldwide to teach 60 million people to read [329] 1936 - With the outbreak of civil war in Spain, missionaries are forced to leave that country. 1937 - After expulsion of missionaries from Ethiopia by Italian invaders, widespread revival erupts among Protestant (SIM) churches in south;[330] Child Evangelism Fellowship founded by Jesse Irvin Overholzer 1938 - West Indies Mission enters Dominican Republic; Church Missionary Society forced out of Egypt; Madras World Missionary Conference held;[331] Dr. Orpha Speicher completes construction of Reynolds Memorial Hospital in central India[332] 1939-1945 World War II numerous missionaries in Africa and Asia in British, French and Belgian colonies are expelled or detained for the duration of the war, if their nation was at war with the colonial authority 1939 - A sick missionary, Joy Ridderhof, makes a recording of gospel songs and a message and sends it into the mountains of Honduras. It is the beginning of Gospel Recordings [333] 1940 - Marianna Slocum begins translation work in Mexico;[334] Military police in Japan arrest the executive officers of the Salvation Army 1942 - William Cameron Townsend founds Wycliffe Bible Translators; New Tribes mission founded with a vision to reach the tribal peoples of Bolivia 1943 - Five missionaries with New Tribes Mission martyred;[335] 11 American Baptist missionaries beheaded in the Philippines by Japanese soldiers 1944 - Missionaries return to Suki, Papua New Guinea after withdrawal of the Japanese military 1945 - Mission Aviation Fellowship formed;[333] Far East Broadcasting Company (FEBC) founded;[336] Evangelical Foreign Missions Association formed by denominational mission boards [337] 1945 - The Venerable Gabriele Allegra establishes the Studium Biblicum Franciscanum in Beijing[324] 1946 - First Inter-Varsity missionary convention (now called "Urbana");[338] United Bible Societies formed 1947 - Conservative Baptist Foreign Mission Society begins work among the Senufo people in the Côte d'Ivoire [339] 1948 - Alfredo del Rosso merges his Italian Holiness Mission with the Church of the Nazarene, thus opening Nazarene work on the European continent; Southern Baptist Convention adopts program calling for the tripling of the number of missionaries (achieved by 1964</ref> 1949 - Southern Baptist Mission board opens work in Venezuela, Mary Tripp sent out by CEF Child Evangelism Fellowship to the Netherlands. 1950 to 1999 1950 - Paul Orjala arrives in Haiti; radio station 4VEH, owned by East and West Indies Bible Mission, starts broadcasting from near Cap Haitien, Haiti[340] 1951 - World Evangelical Alliance organized; Bill and Vonette Bright create Campus Crusade for Christ at UCLA;[341] Alaska Missions is founded (later to be renamed InterAct Ministries). 1952 - Trans World Radio founded [342] 1953 - Walter Trobisch, who would publish I loved a girl in 1962, begins pioneer missionary work in northern Cameroon [343] 1954 - Mennonite Board of Missions and Charities opens work in Cuba; Argentina Revival breaks out during Tommy Hicks crusade; Augustinians re-established in Japan; Columbans enter Chile[344] 1955 - Donald McGavran publishes Bridges of God [333]; Dutch missionary "Brother Andrew" makes first of many Bible smuggling trips into Communist Eastern Europe; 1956 - U.S. missionaries Jim Elliot, Pete Fleming, Edward McCully, Nate Saint, and Roger Youderian are killed by Huaorani Indians in eastern Ecuador. (See Operation Auca)[345] 1957 - East Asia Christian Conference (EACC) founded at Prapat, Sumatra, Indonesia[346] 1958 - Rochunga Pudaite completes translation of Bible into Hmar language (India) and was appointed the leader of the Indo-Burma Pioneer Mission; Missionaries Elisabeth Elliot and Rachel Saint make first peaceful contact with the Huaorani tribe in Ecuador. 1959 - Radio Lumiere founded in Haiti by West Indies Mission (now World Team);[347] Josephine Makil becomes the first African-American to join Wycliffe Bible Translators; Feba Radio founded in UK. 1960 - Kenneth Strachan starts Evangelism-in-Depth in Central America;[348] 18,000 people in Morocco reply to newspaper ad by Gospel Missionary Union offering free correspondence course on Christianity;[349] Loren Cunningham founds Youth with a Mission;[350] The Asia Evangelistic Fellowship (AEF), one of the largest Asian indigenous missionary organisations, is launched in Singapore by G. D. James[351] 1961 - International Christian radio stations now number 30[346] 1962 - Don Richardson goes to Sawi tribe in Papua New Guinea;[352] Operation Mobilisation founded in Mexico by George Verwer 1963 - Theological Education by Extension movement launched in Guatemala by Ralph Winter and James Emery [353] 1964 - In separate incidents, rebels in the Congo kill missionaries Paul Carlson and Irene Ferrel as well as brutalizing missionary doctor Helen Roseveare;[354] Carlson is featured on December 4 TIME magazine cover;[355] Hans von Staden of the Dorothea Mission proposes to Patrick Johnstone that he write the book now titled Operation World[356] 1966 - Red Guards destroy churches in China; Berlin Congress on Evangelism;[357] Missionaries expelled from Burma; God's Smuggler published 1967 - All foreign missionaries expelled from Guinea [358] 1968 - The Studium fhndgnbcv cbnfhbdfgbcvn mmBiblicum Translation of the Bible is published in Chinese[324] by the Venerable Gabriele Allegra 1968 - Wu Yung and others form the Chinese Missions Overseas in order to send out missionaries from Taiwan to do cross-cultural ministry; Augustinian order re-established in India 1969 - OMF International begins "industrial evangelism" to Taiwan's factory workers[359] 1970 - Frankfurt Declaration on Mission;[360] Operation Mobilisation launches MV Logos ship;[361] Abp. Makarios III (Mouskos) of Cyprus baptizes 10,000 into the Orthodox Church in Kenya. 1971 - Gustavo Gutierrez publishes A Theology of Liberation [362] 1972 - American Society of Missiology founded with journal Missiology [363] 1972 - Worldwide Faith Missions is founded by Dr Johannes Maas, following a request to care for orphans made by Christian leaders in India [364] 1973 - Services by Billy Graham attract four and a half million people in six cities of Korea;[365] first All-Asa Mission Consultation convenes in Seoul, Korea with 25 delegates from 14 countries[366] 1974 - Missiologist Ralph Winter talks about "hidden" or unreached peoples at Lausanne Congress of World Evangelism.[367] Lausanne Covenant is written and ratified 1975 - Missionaries Armand Doll and Hugh Friberg imprisoned in Mozambique after communist takeover of government[368] 1976 - U.S. Center for World Mission founded in Pasadena, California; 1600 Chinese assemble in Hong Kong for the Chinese Congress on World Evangelization; Islamic World Congress calls for withdrawal of Christian missionaries; Peace Child by Don Richardson appears in Reader's Digest. 1977 - Evangelical Fellowship of India sponsors the All-India Congress on Mission and Evangelization[366] 1978 - LCWE Consultation on Gospel and Culture in Willowbank, Bermuda;[369] Columbans enter Taiwan[370] 1979 - Production of JESUS film commissioned by Bill Bright of Campus Crusade for Christ;[371] Ted Fletcher founds Pioneers, a missionary agency with a focus on "unreached people groups";[372] Columban missionaries enter Pakistan at the request of the Bishop of Lahore[373] 1980 - Philippine Congress on Discipling a Whole Nation;[374] Lausanne Congress on World Evangelism Conference in Pattaya [375] 1981 - Colombian terrorists kidnap and kill Wycliffe Bible Translator Chet Bitterman;[376] Project Pearl: one million Bibles are delivered in a single night to thousands of waiting believers in China[377] 1982 - Story on "The New Missionary" makes December 27 cover of TIME magazine;[378] Andes Evangelical Mission (formerly Bolivian Indian Mission</ref> merges into SIM (formerly Sudan Interior Mission</ref>[379] 1983 - Missionary Athletes International, a global soccer ministry, founded by Tim Conrad[380] 1984 - Founding of The Mission Society for United Methodists, a voluntary missionary sending agency within the United Methodist Church; rebranded in 2006 to The Mission Society; Founding of STEM (Short Term Evangelical Mission teams) ministry by Roger Petersen signals the rising importance of Short-term missions groups 1985 - Howard Foltz founds Accelerating International Mission Strategies (AIMS)[381] 1987 - Second International Conference on Missionary Kids (MKs) held in Quito, Ecuador 1989 - Adventures In Missions (Georgia) (AIM) Short-term missions agency founded by Seth Barnes; Lausanne II, a world missions conference; concept of 10/40 Window emerges;[382] "Ee-Taow" video released by New Tribes Mission 1991 - The Marxist government of Ethiopia is overthrown and missionaries are able to return to that country 1992 - World Gospel Mission (National Holiness Missionary Society) starts work in Uganda[383] 1993 - Trans World Radio starts broadcasting from a 250,000-watt shortwave transmitter in Russia[384] 1994 - Liibaan Ibraahim Hassan, a convert to Christianity in Somalia, is martyred by Islamic militants in the capital city of Mogadishu; 1995 - Missionary Don Cox abducted in Quito, Ecuador [385] 1996 - Nazarenes enter Hungary, Kazakhstan, Pakistan 1997 - Foreign Mission Board and Home Mission Board of Southern Baptist Convention become the International Mission Board and North American Mission Board with ten thousand missionaries 1999 - Trans World Radio goes on the air from Grigoriopol (Moldova) using a 1-million-watt AM transmitter;[384] Veteran Australian missionary Graham Stuart Staines and his two sons are burned alive by Hindu extremists as they are sleeping in a car in eastern India as a vision of black Africans passing before the judgment seat of Christ. Weeping and moaning, many of them were saying, "No one ever told us You died for us." A few years earlier, while a student at Guadalupe College, Eliza George had responded to an invitation for volunteer missionary service. Now, she felt a vision was prodding her to go to Africa. The college president tried to dissuade her: "Don't let yourself get carried away by that foolishness. You don't have to go over there to be a missionary -- we have enough Africa over here." It would be two more years before Eliza George got up enough courage to leave her teaching position and head to Liberia. In her resignation speech, she read an original poem: "My African brother is calling me; Hark! Hark! I hear his voice . . . Would you say stay when God said go?" On December 12, 1913, Eliza George sailed from New York as a National Baptist missionary.                                                                                       Might the Fatima vision in 1917 have been a sign of the coming vengeance determined upon Rome by the Templars?  Bishop Graber, whose associations include Knight of Malta, Peter Beyerhaus, may be sending an esoteric message that Virgo will be the sign in the heavens which will precede the coming of Horus, the pagan messiah who will avenge the Knights Templars by destroying the Roman Catholic Church.   Should another Fatima-type apparition occur in the sign of Virgo, perhaps at Medjugorje, such an event would hardly vindicate Roman Catholicism as the 'one true Church.' To the contrary, another such apparition displaying overtly occult phenomena would probably provide the death warrant needed to overthrow this Harlot Church which has, in recent times, scandalized the world with reports of homosexuality and pedophilia in its priesthood.   Since few are wise to the Merovingian (Jewish) infiltration and takeover of the Roman Catholic Church or that celibacy, homosexuality and pederasty are sacred rites of the Merovingians, and given that the secret societies, which are under the oversight of the Prieuré de Sion, control the news media which has sensationalized these scandals, and considering the effectiveness of this ingenious and carefully executed plan, we submit that the mighty fall of this citadel of Christendom is a fait accompli. ...and I saw a woman sit upon a scarlet coloured beast, full of names of blasphemy, having seven heads and ten horns... And the ten horns which thou sawest upon the beast, these shall hate the whore, and shall make her desolate and naked, and shall eat her flesh, and burn her with fire. - Revelation 17:16

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